Nutrition and Metabolism of Minerals in Fish

Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physi...

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Published inAnimals (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 9; p. 2711
Main Authors Lall, Santosh P, Kaushik, Sadasivam J
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 16.09.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Absorption
Anemia
Animal biology
Animal diseases
Anorexia
Aquatic animals
Aquatic organisms
Arsenic
Binding sites
Bioavailability
Calcinosis
Calcium
Cataracts
Copper
Crustaceans
Dietary minerals
Dietary supplements
Dystrophy
Enzymes
Eutrophication
Excretion
Feces
Feed formulation
Feeds
Fish
Fish farms
Food and Nutrition
Hemoglobin
Homeostasis
Hyperplasia
Ingredients
Iodine
Iron
Kidney diseases
Life Sciences
Ligands
Magnesium
Manganese
Metabolism
Microorganisms
Mineralization
Minerals
Muscular dystrophy
Natural waters
Nutrient deficiency
Nutrition
Nutrition research
Phosphorus
Physiology
Review
Salinity
Selenium
Thyroid
Toxicity
Trace elements
Trace minerals
Urine
minerals
calcium
trace elements
selenium
fish
copper
iron
magnesium
manganese
zinc
phosphorus
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Abstract Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physiological functions and bioavailability from feed ingredients. Quantitative dietary requirements have been reported for three macroelements (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and six trace minerals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, iodine and selenium) for selected fish species. Mineral deficiency signs in fish include reduced bone mineralization, anorexia, lens cataracts (zinc), skeletal deformities (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc), fin erosion (copper, zinc), nephrocalcinosis (magnesium deficiency, selenium toxicity), thyroid hyperplasia (iodine), muscular dystrophy (selenium) and hypochromic microcytic anemia (iron). An excessive intake of minerals from either diet or gill uptake causes toxicity and therefore a fine balance between mineral deficiency and toxicity is vital for aquatic organisms to maintain their homeostasis, either through increased absorption or excretion. Release of minerals from uneaten or undigested feed and from urinary excretion can cause eutrophication of natural waters, which requires additional consideration in feed formulation. The current knowledge in mineral nutrition of fish is briefly reviewed.
AbstractList Simple SummaryOur aim is to introduce the mineral nutrition of fish and explain the complexity of determining requirements for these elements, which are absorbed and excreted by the fish into the surrounding water. To date, only the requirements for nine minerals have been investigated. The review is focused on the absorption and the dietary factors that reduce their absorption from feed ingredients of plant and animal origin. Some diseases, such as cataracts, anemia and bone deformity, have been linked to dietary deficiency of minerals.AbstractAquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physiological functions and bioavailability from feed ingredients. Quantitative dietary requirements have been reported for three macroelements (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and six trace minerals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, iodine and selenium) for selected fish species. Mineral deficiency signs in fish include reduced bone mineralization, anorexia, lens cataracts (zinc), skeletal deformities (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc), fin erosion (copper, zinc), nephrocalcinosis (magnesium deficiency, selenium toxicity), thyroid hyperplasia (iodine), muscular dystrophy (selenium) and hypochromic microcytic anemia (iron). An excessive intake of minerals from either diet or gill uptake causes toxicity and therefore a fine balance between mineral deficiency and toxicity is vital for aquatic organisms to maintain their homeostasis, either through increased absorption or excretion. Release of minerals from uneaten or undigested feed and from urinary excretion can cause eutrophication of natural waters, which requires additional consideration in feed formulation. The current knowledge in mineral nutrition of fish is briefly reviewed.
Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physiological functions and bioavailability from feed ingredients. Quantitative dietary requirements have been reported for three macroelements (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and six trace minerals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, iodine and selenium) for selected fish species. Mineral deficiency signs in fish include reduced bone mineralization, anorexia, lens cataracts (zinc), skeletal deformities (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc), fin erosion (copper, zinc), nephrocalcinosis (magnesium deficiency, selenium toxicity), thyroid hyperplasia (iodine), muscular dystrophy (selenium) and hypochromic microcytic anemia (iron). An excessive intake of minerals from either diet or gill uptake causes toxicity and therefore a fine balance between mineral deficiency and toxicity is vital for aquatic organisms to maintain their homeostasis, either through increased absorption or excretion. Release of minerals from uneaten or undigested feed and from urinary excretion can cause eutrophication of natural waters, which requires additional consideration in feed formulation. The current knowledge in mineral nutrition of fish is briefly reviewed.
Author Lall, Santosh P
Kaushik, Sadasivam J
AuthorAffiliation 1 National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
2 Retd. INRA, 64310 St Pée sur Nivelle, France
3 Ecoaqua Institute, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Retd. INRA, 64310 St Pée sur Nivelle, France
– name: 3 Ecoaqua Institute, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
– name: 1 National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Santosh P
  surname: Lall
  fullname: Lall, Santosh P
  organization: National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Sadasivam J
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7856-8374
  surname: Kaushik
  fullname: Kaushik, Sadasivam J
  organization: Ecoaqua Institute, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34573676$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03379893$$DView record in HAL
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Issue 9
Keywords minerals
calcium
trace elements
selenium
fish
copper
iron
magnesium
manganese
zinc
phosphorus
Language English
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Snippet Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral...
Simple SummaryOur aim is to introduce the mineral nutrition of fish and explain the complexity of determining requirements for these elements, which are...
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SubjectTerms Absorption
Anemia
Animal biology
Animal diseases
Anorexia
Aquatic animals
Aquatic organisms
Arsenic
Binding sites
Bioavailability
Calcinosis
Calcium
Cataracts
Copper
Crustaceans
Dietary minerals
Dietary supplements
Dystrophy
Enzymes
Eutrophication
Excretion
Feces
Feed formulation
Feeds
Fish
Fish farms
Food and Nutrition
Hemoglobin
Homeostasis
Hyperplasia
Ingredients
Iodine
Iron
Kidney diseases
Life Sciences
Ligands
Magnesium
Manganese
Metabolism
Microorganisms
Mineralization
Minerals
Muscular dystrophy
Natural waters
Nutrient deficiency
Nutrition
Nutrition research
Phosphorus
Physiology
Review
Salinity
Selenium
Thyroid
Toxicity
Trace elements
Trace minerals
Urine
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Title Nutrition and Metabolism of Minerals in Fish
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