Nutrition and Metabolism of Minerals in Fish
Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physi...
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Published in | Animals (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 9; p. 2711 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
16.09.2021
MDPI |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physiological functions and bioavailability from feed ingredients. Quantitative dietary requirements have been reported for three macroelements (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and six trace minerals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, iodine and selenium) for selected fish species. Mineral deficiency signs in fish include reduced bone mineralization, anorexia, lens cataracts (zinc), skeletal deformities (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc), fin erosion (copper, zinc), nephrocalcinosis (magnesium deficiency, selenium toxicity), thyroid hyperplasia (iodine), muscular dystrophy (selenium) and hypochromic microcytic anemia (iron). An excessive intake of minerals from either diet or gill uptake causes toxicity and therefore a fine balance between mineral deficiency and toxicity is vital for aquatic organisms to maintain their homeostasis, either through increased absorption or excretion. Release of minerals from uneaten or undigested feed and from urinary excretion can cause eutrophication of natural waters, which requires additional consideration in feed formulation. The current knowledge in mineral nutrition of fish is briefly reviewed. |
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AbstractList | Simple SummaryOur aim is to introduce the mineral nutrition of fish and explain the complexity of determining requirements for these elements, which are absorbed and excreted by the fish into the surrounding water. To date, only the requirements for nine minerals have been investigated. The review is focused on the absorption and the dietary factors that reduce their absorption from feed ingredients of plant and animal origin. Some diseases, such as cataracts, anemia and bone deformity, have been linked to dietary deficiency of minerals.AbstractAquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physiological functions and bioavailability from feed ingredients. Quantitative dietary requirements have been reported for three macroelements (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and six trace minerals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, iodine and selenium) for selected fish species. Mineral deficiency signs in fish include reduced bone mineralization, anorexia, lens cataracts (zinc), skeletal deformities (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc), fin erosion (copper, zinc), nephrocalcinosis (magnesium deficiency, selenium toxicity), thyroid hyperplasia (iodine), muscular dystrophy (selenium) and hypochromic microcytic anemia (iron). An excessive intake of minerals from either diet or gill uptake causes toxicity and therefore a fine balance between mineral deficiency and toxicity is vital for aquatic organisms to maintain their homeostasis, either through increased absorption or excretion. Release of minerals from uneaten or undigested feed and from urinary excretion can cause eutrophication of natural waters, which requires additional consideration in feed formulation. The current knowledge in mineral nutrition of fish is briefly reviewed. Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physiological functions and bioavailability from feed ingredients. Quantitative dietary requirements have been reported for three macroelements (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and six trace minerals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, iodine and selenium) for selected fish species. Mineral deficiency signs in fish include reduced bone mineralization, anorexia, lens cataracts (zinc), skeletal deformities (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc), fin erosion (copper, zinc), nephrocalcinosis (magnesium deficiency, selenium toxicity), thyroid hyperplasia (iodine), muscular dystrophy (selenium) and hypochromic microcytic anemia (iron). An excessive intake of minerals from either diet or gill uptake causes toxicity and therefore a fine balance between mineral deficiency and toxicity is vital for aquatic organisms to maintain their homeostasis, either through increased absorption or excretion. Release of minerals from uneaten or undigested feed and from urinary excretion can cause eutrophication of natural waters, which requires additional consideration in feed formulation. The current knowledge in mineral nutrition of fish is briefly reviewed. |
Author | Lall, Santosh P Kaushik, Sadasivam J |
AuthorAffiliation | 1 National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada 2 Retd. INRA, 64310 St Pée sur Nivelle, France 3 Ecoaqua Institute, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Las Palmas, Spain |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Retd. INRA, 64310 St Pée sur Nivelle, France – name: 3 Ecoaqua Institute, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Las Palmas, Spain – name: 1 National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Santosh P surname: Lall fullname: Lall, Santosh P organization: National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Sadasivam J orcidid: 0000-0001-7856-8374 surname: Kaushik fullname: Kaushik, Sadasivam J organization: Ecoaqua Institute, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Las Palmas, Spain |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34573676$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03379893$$DView record in HAL |
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Keywords | minerals calcium trace elements selenium fish copper iron magnesium manganese zinc phosphorus |
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Snippet | Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral... Simple SummaryOur aim is to introduce the mineral nutrition of fish and explain the complexity of determining requirements for these elements, which are... |
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SubjectTerms | Absorption Anemia Animal biology Animal diseases Anorexia Aquatic animals Aquatic organisms Arsenic Binding sites Bioavailability Calcinosis Calcium Cataracts Copper Crustaceans Dietary minerals Dietary supplements Dystrophy Enzymes Eutrophication Excretion Feces Feed formulation Feeds Fish Fish farms Food and Nutrition Hemoglobin Homeostasis Hyperplasia Ingredients Iodine Iron Kidney diseases Life Sciences Ligands Magnesium Manganese Metabolism Microorganisms Mineralization Minerals Muscular dystrophy Natural waters Nutrient deficiency Nutrition Nutrition research Phosphorus Physiology Review Salinity Selenium Thyroid Toxicity Trace elements Trace minerals Urine |
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Title | Nutrition and Metabolism of Minerals in Fish |
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