Effects of soil management techniques on soil water erosion in apricot orchards

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 551-552; pp. 357 - 366
• Main Authors: Keesstra, Saskia, Pereira, Paulo, Novara, Agata, Brevik, Eric C., Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Parras-Alcántara, Luis, Jordán, Antonio, Cerdà, Artemi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.05.2016
• Subjects: agricultural management; Agriculture land management; apricots; bulk density; fruit growing; fruits; herbicides; Hydrology; land management; Mediterranean; Mediterranean climate; orchards; Prunus; rain intensity; Rainfall simulation; runoff; sediment yield; sediments; soil analysis; soil organic matter; soil properties; soil water; Soil water erosion; summer; tillage; vegetation cover; water erosion; MED; Hydrology; Rainfall simulation; Mediterranean; Agriculture land management; Soil water erosion
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.182

Soil erosion is extreme in Mediterranean orchards due to management impact, high rainfall intensities, steep slopes and erodible parent material. Vall d'Albaida is a traditional fruit production area which, due to the Mediterranean climate and marly soils, produces sweet fruits. However, these highly productive soils are left bare under the prevailing land management and marly soils are vulnerable to soil water erosion when left bare. In this paper we study the impact of different agricultural land management strategies on soil properties (bulk density, soil organic matter, soil moisture), soil water erosion and runoff, by means of simulated rainfall experiments and soil analyses. Three representative land managements (tillage/herbicide/covered with vegetation) were selected, where 20 paired plots (60 plots) were established to determine soil losses and runoff. The simulated rainfall was carried out at 55mmh−1 in the summer of 2013 (<8% soil moisture) for one hour on 0.25m2 circular plots. The results showed that vegetation cover, soil moisture and organic matter were significantly higher in covered plots than in tilled and herbicide treated plots. However, runoff coefficient, total runoff, sediment yield and soil erosion were significantly higher in herbicide treated plots compared to the others. Runoff sediment concentration was significantly higher in tilled plots. The lowest values were identified in covered plots. Overall, tillage, but especially herbicide treatment, decreased vegetation cover, soil moisture, soil organic matter, and increased bulk density, runoff coefficient, total runoff, sediment yield and soil erosion. Soil erosion was extremely high in herbicide plots with 0.91Mgha−1h−1 of soil lost; in the tilled fields erosion rates were lower with 0.51Mgha−1h−1. Covered soil showed an erosion rate of 0.02Mgha−1h−1. These results showed that agricultural management influenced water and sediment dynamics and that tillage and herbicide treatment should be avoided. [Display omitted] •Prevailing management (tillage and herbicide treatment) keeps soil bare and prone to erosion•Assessment of runoff and erosion for three management types (tillage, herbicide and covered)•Herbicide treatment causes 1.8 and 45.5 times more erosion than tillage and covered respectively•60 rainfall simulation experiments showed tenfold lower erosion rates with covered soil•Soil erosion was extremely high in herbicide treated orchards, even higher than in tilled orchards