Novel lycopene epsilon cyclase activities in maize revealed through perturbation of carotenoid biosynthesis
Summary In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumula...
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| Published in | The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology Vol. 59; no. 4; pp. 588 - 599 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.08.2009
Blackwell |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Summary
In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue‐specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene β‐cyclase and lycopene ε‐cyclase (LcyB and LcyE). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including δ‐carotene, ε‐carotene and lactucaxanthin (ε,ε‐carotene‐3,3′‐diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene‐accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site‐directed mutagenesis of LcyE, critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed. |
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| AbstractList | Summary
In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue‐specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene β‐cyclase and lycopene ε‐cyclase (LcyB and LcyE). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including δ‐carotene, ε‐carotene and lactucaxanthin (ε,ε‐carotene‐3,3′‐diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene‐accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site‐directed mutagenesis of LcyE, critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed. In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue-specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene beta-cyclase and lycopene epsilon-cyclase (LcyB and LcyE). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including delta-carotene, epsilon-carotene and lactucaxanthin (epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene-accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site-directed mutagenesis of LcyE, critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed.In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue-specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene beta-cyclase and lycopene epsilon-cyclase (LcyB and LcyE). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including delta-carotene, epsilon-carotene and lactucaxanthin (epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene-accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site-directed mutagenesis of LcyE, critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed. In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue-specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene β-cyclase and lycopene ε-cyclase (LcyB and LcyE). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including δ-carotene, ε-carotene and lactucaxanthin (ε,ε-carotene-3,3'-diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene-accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site-directed mutagenesis of LcyE, critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed. In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue-specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene beta-cyclase and lycopene epsilon-cyclase (LcyB and LcyE). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including delta-carotene, epsilon-carotene and lactucaxanthin (epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene-accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site-directed mutagenesis of LcyE, critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed. In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue-specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene [beta]-cyclase and lycopene [epsilon]-cyclase (LcyB and LcyE). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including [delta]-carotene, [epsilon]-carotene and lactucaxanthin ([epsilon],[epsilon]-carotene-3,3'-diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene-accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site-directed mutagenesis of LcyE, critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue‐specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene β‐cyclase and lycopene ε‐cyclase ( LcyB and LcyE ). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including δ‐carotene, ε‐carotene and lactucaxanthin (ε,ε‐carotene‐3,3′‐diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene‐accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site‐directed mutagenesis of LcyE , critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed. SummaryIn maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue-specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene beta -cyclase and lycopene epsilon -cyclase (LcyB and LcyE). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including delta -carotene, epsilon -carotene and lactucaxanthin ( epsilon , epsilon -carotene-3,3'-diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene-accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site-directed mutagenesis of LcyE, critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed. |
| Author | DellaPenna, Dean Kim, Eun‐Ha Brutnell, Thomas P. Bai, Ling |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ling surname: Bai fullname: Bai, Ling – sequence: 2 givenname: Eun‐Ha surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Eun‐Ha – sequence: 3 givenname: Dean surname: DellaPenna fullname: DellaPenna, Dean – sequence: 4 givenname: Thomas P. surname: Brutnell fullname: Brutnell, Thomas P. |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=21839372$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19392686$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | epsilon-carotene Embryo Transcription carotenoids Carotene transcriptional regulation Biosynthesis Perturbation Lycopene Chenopodiaceae Beta Regulation(control) lycopene beta-cyclase Dicotyledones Angiospermae Spermatophyta Endosperm Carotenoid |
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In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained... In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely... SummaryIn maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained... |
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| SubjectTerms | Accumulation Alleles Amino acids Biochemistry Biological and medical sciences Biosynthesis Botany breeding Carotenoids Carotenoids - biosynthesis Corn E coli embryo embryology Embryos endosperm enzymes enzymology epsilon‐carotene Escherichia coli Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gene expression gene expression regulation Gene Expression Regulation, Plant genes genetics humans Intramolecular Lyases Intramolecular Lyases - genetics Intramolecular Lyases - metabolism lycopene lycopene beta‐cyclase metabolism Molecular and cellular biology Molecular genetics Mutagenesis, Site-Directed mutants Mutation Plant Proteins Plant Proteins - genetics Plant Proteins - metabolism RNA, Plant RNA, Plant - genetics Seeds Seeds - enzymology Seeds - genetics site-directed mutagenesis Substrate Specificity Tissues transcription (genetics) Transcription. Transcription factor. Splicing. Rna processing transcriptional regulation Zea mays Zea mays - embryology Zea mays - enzymology Zea mays - genetics |
| Title | Novel lycopene epsilon cyclase activities in maize revealed through perturbation of carotenoid biosynthesis |
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