Airway Hyperresponsiveness, Inflammation, and Pulmonary Emphysema in Rodent Models Designed to Mimic Exposure to Fuel Oil–Derived Volatile Organic Compounds Encountered during an Experimental Oil Spill

• Published in: Environmental health perspectives Vol. 128; no. 2; p. 27003
• Main Authors: Amor-Carro, Óscar, White, Kathryn M., Fraga-Iriso, Rebeca, Mariñas-Pardo, Luis A., Núñez-Naveira, Laura, Lema-Costa, Beatriz, Villarnovo, Marta, Verea-Hernando, Héctor, Ramos-Barbón, David
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 01.02.2020; Environmental Health Perspectives
• Subjects: Alveoli; Animal diseases; Animal models; Animals; Apoptosis; Bronchus; Chronic obstructive lung disease; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cigarette smoke; Damage; Data collection; Decontamination; Diseases; DNA; DNA damage; Emphysema; Endothelial growth factors; Endothelium; Environmental cleanup; Exposure; Fuel oil industry; Fuel oils; Growth factors; Histochemistry; Histopathology; House mouse; Human subjects; Hypotheses; Inflammation; Inhalation; Lung diseases; Marine accidents; Medical research; Methacholine; Microvasculature; Mimicry; Morphology; Novels; Obstructive lung disease; Oil drilling rigs; Oil spills; Organic compounds; Parenchyma; Ports; Respiration; Respiratory diseases; Respiratory tract; Respiratory tract diseases; Rodents; Smoking; Spirometry; Tankers; Tankers (Ships); Vascular endothelial growth factor; VOCs; Volatile organic compounds; Norway; Spain
• DOI: 10.1289/EHP4178
• ISSN: 0091-6765; 1552-9924

Fuel oil-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) inhalation is associated with accidental marine spills. After the petroleum tanker sank off northern Spain in 2002 and the oil rig catastrophe in 2009, subjects involved in environmental decontamination showed signs of ongoing or residual lung disease up to 5 y after the exposure. We aimed at investigating mechanisms driving persistent respiratory disease by developing an animal model of inhalational exposure to fuel oil-derived VOCs. Female Wistar and Brown Norway (BN) rats and C57BL mice were exposed to VOCs produced from fuel oil mimicking the spill. Exposed animals inhaled the VOCs 2 h daily, 5 d per week, for 3 wk. Airway responsiveness to methacholine (MCh) was assessed, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissues were analyzed after the exposure and following a 2-wk washout. Consistent with data from human studies, both strains of rats that inhaled fuel oil-derived VOCs developed airway hyperresponsiveness that persisted after the washout period, in the absence of detectable inflammation in any lung compartment. Histopathology and quantitative morphology revealed the development of peripherally distributed pulmonary emphysema, which persisted after the washout period, associated with increased alveolar septal cell apoptosis, microvascular endothelial damage of the lung parenchyma, and inhibited expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this rat model, fuel oil VOCs inhalation elicited alveolar septal cell apoptosis, likely due to DNA damage. In turn, the development of a peculiar pulmonary emphysema pattern altered lung mechanics and caused persistent noninflammatory airway hyperresponsiveness. Such findings suggest to us that humans might also respond to VOCs through physiopathological pathways different from those chiefly involved in typical cigarette smoke-driven emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). If so, this study could form the basis for a novel disease mechanism for lasting respiratory disease following inhalational exposure to catastrophic fuel oil spills. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4178.