Functional neuroanatomy of visuo-spatial working memory in turner syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo‐spatial processing impairments. We utilized functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that underlie observed deficits in executive functi...

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Published inHuman brain mapping Vol. 14; no. 2; pp. 96 - 107
Main Authors Haberecht, Michael F., Menon, Vinod, Warsofsky, Ilana S., White, Christopher D., Dyer-Friedman, Jenny, Glover, Gary H., Neely, E. Kirk, Reiss, Allan L.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.10.2001
Wiley-Liss
Subjects
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ISSN1065-9471
1097-0193
DOI10.1002/hbm.1044

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Abstract Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo‐spatial processing impairments. We utilized functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that underlie observed deficits in executive functioning and visuo‐spatial processing. Eleven females with TS and 14 typically developing females (ages 7–20) underwent fMRI scanning while performing 1‐back and 2‐back versions of a standard visuo‐spatial working memory (WM) task. On both tasks, TS subjects performed worse than control subjects. Compared with controls, TS subjects showed increased activation in the left and right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) during the 1‐back task and decreased activation in these regions during the 2‐back task. In addition, decreased activation in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus was observed during the 2‐back task in TS subjects. Activation differences localized to the SMG, in the inferior parietal lobe, may reflect deficits in visuo‐spatial encoding and WM storage mechanisms in TS. In addition, deficits in the DLPFC and caudate may be related to deficits in executive function during WM performance. Together these findings point to deficits in frontal‐striatal and frontal‐parietal circuits subserving multiple WM functions in TS. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:96–107, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AbstractList Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo-spatial processing impairments. We utilized functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that underlie observed deficits in executive functioning and visuo-spatial processing. Eleven females with TS and 14 typically developing females (ages 7-20) underwent fMRI scanning while performing 1-back and 2-back versions of a standard visuo-spatial working memory (WM) task. On both tasks, TS subjects performed worse than control subjects. Compared with controls, TS subjects showed increased activation in the left and right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) during the 1-back task and decreased activation in these regions during the 2-back task. In addition, decreased activation in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus was observed during the 2-back task in TS subjects. Activation differences localized to the SMG, in the inferior parietal lobe, may reflect deficits in visuo-spatial encoding and WM storage mechanisms in TS. In addition, deficits in the DLPFC and caudate may be related to deficits in executive function during WM performance. Together these findings point to deficits in frontal-striatal and frontal-parietal circuits subserving multiple WM functions in TS.
Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo‐spatial processing impairments. We utilized functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that underlie observed deficits in executive functioning and visuo‐spatial processing. Eleven females with TS and 14 typically developing females (ages 7–20) underwent fMRI scanning while performing 1‐back and 2‐back versions of a standard visuo‐spatial working memory (WM) task. On both tasks, TS subjects performed worse than control subjects. Compared with controls, TS subjects showed increased activation in the left and right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) during the 1‐back task and decreased activation in these regions during the 2‐back task. In addition, decreased activation in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus was observed during the 2‐back task in TS subjects. Activation differences localized to the SMG, in the inferior parietal lobe, may reflect deficits in visuo‐spatial encoding and WM storage mechanisms in TS. In addition, deficits in the DLPFC and caudate may be related to deficits in executive function during WM performance. Together these findings point to deficits in frontal‐striatal and frontal‐parietal circuits subserving multiple WM functions in TS. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:96–107, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo-spatial processing impairments. We utilized functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that underlie observed deficits in executive functioning and visuo-spatial processing. Eleven females with TS and 14 typically developing females (ages 7-20) underwent fMRI scanning while performing 1-back and 2-back versions of a standard visuo-spatial working memory (WM) task. On both tasks, TS subjects performed worse than control subjects. Compared with controls, TS subjects showed increased activation in the left and right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) during the 1-back task and decreased activation in these regions during the 2-back task. In addition, decreased activation in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus was observed during the 2-back task in TS subjects. Activation differences localized to the SMG, in the inferior parietal lobe, may reflect deficits in visuo-spatial encoding and WM storage mechanisms in TS. In addition, deficits in the DLPFC and caudate may be related to deficits in executive function during WM performance. Together these findings point to deficits in frontal-striatal and frontal-parietal circuits subserving multiple WM functions in TS.Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo-spatial processing impairments. We utilized functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that underlie observed deficits in executive functioning and visuo-spatial processing. Eleven females with TS and 14 typically developing females (ages 7-20) underwent fMRI scanning while performing 1-back and 2-back versions of a standard visuo-spatial working memory (WM) task. On both tasks, TS subjects performed worse than control subjects. Compared with controls, TS subjects showed increased activation in the left and right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) during the 1-back task and decreased activation in these regions during the 2-back task. In addition, decreased activation in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus was observed during the 2-back task in TS subjects. Activation differences localized to the SMG, in the inferior parietal lobe, may reflect deficits in visuo-spatial encoding and WM storage mechanisms in TS. In addition, deficits in the DLPFC and caudate may be related to deficits in executive function during WM performance. Together these findings point to deficits in frontal-striatal and frontal-parietal circuits subserving multiple WM functions in TS.
Author Reiss, Allan L.
White, Christopher D.
Neely, E. Kirk
Haberecht, Michael F.
Menon, Vinod
Warsofsky, Ilana S.
Glover, Gary H.
Dyer-Friedman, Jenny
AuthorAffiliation 2 Program in Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
5 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
4 Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
3 Stanford Brain Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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DocumentTitleAlternate Functional Neuroanatomy of Turner Syndrome
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Issue 2
Keywords Chromosomal aberration
Human
Dysgenesia
Image processing
Vision disorder
Sexual differentiation disorder
Cognition
Turner syndrome
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
Female genital diseases
Eye disease
Malformation
Gonad
Medical imagery
Functional imaging
Language English
License http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor
CC BY 4.0
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PublicationDate October 2001
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2001-10-01
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  year: 2001
  text: October 2001
PublicationDecade 2000
PublicationPlace New York
PublicationPlace_xml – name: New York
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PublicationTitle Human brain mapping
PublicationTitleAlternate Hum. Brain Mapp
PublicationYear 2001
Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Wiley-Liss
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References Woodcock R, NM. 1989. Woodcock-Johnson tests of cognitive ability: standard and supplemental batteries. San Antonio: DLM Teaching Resources.
Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS. 1988. Common cortical and subcortical targets of the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in the rhesus monkey: evidence for a distributed neural network subserving spatially guided behavior. J Neurosci 8: 4049-4068.
Netley C, Rovet J. 1982. Atypical hemispheric lateralization in Turner syndrome subjects. Cortex 18: 377-384.
Rolls ET. 1994. Neurophysiology and cognitive functions of the striatum. Rev Neurol (Paris) 150: 648-660.
Glover GH, Lai S. 1998. Self-navigated spiral fMRI: interleaved versus single-shot. Magn Reson Med 39: 361-368.
Rovet JF. 1993. The psychoeducational characteristics of children with Turner syndrome. J Learn Disabil 26: 333-341.
Wechsler D. 1997. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation (Harcourt Brace and Company).
Ungerleider LG, Courtney SM, Haxby JV. 1998. A neural system for human visual working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 883-890.
Postle BR, D'Esposito M. 1999. Dissociation of human caudate nucleus activity in spatial and nonspatial working memory: an event-related fMRI study. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 8: 107-115.
Reiss AL, Mazzocco MM, Greenlaw R, Freund LS, Ross JL. 1995. Neurodevelopmental effects of × monosomy: a volumetric imaging study. Ann Neurol 38: 731-738.
Goldman-Rakic PS. 1994. Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 6: 348-357.
Wechsler D. 1991. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation (Harcourt Brace and Company).
Belger A, Puce A, Krystal JH, Gore JC, Goldman-Rakic P, McCarthy G. 1998. Dissociation of mnemonic and perceptual processes during spatial and nonspatial working memory using fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 6: 14-32.
Alexander GE, Crutcher MD, DeLong MR. 1990. Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, prefrontal and limbic functions. Prog Brain Res 85: 119-146.
Casey BJ, Cohen JD, O'Craven K, Davidson RJ, Irwin W, Nelson CA, Noll DC, Hu X, Lowe MJ, Rosen BR, Truwitt CL, Turski PA. 1998. Reproducibility of fMRI results across four institutions using a spatial working memory task. Neuroimage 8: 249-261.
Poline JB, Worsley KJ, Evans AC, Friston KJ. 1997. Combining spatial extent and peak intensity to test for activations in functional imaging. Neuroimage 5: 83-96.
Money J, Alexander D. 1966. Turner syndrome: further demonstration of the presence of specific cognitional deficiencies. J Med Genet 3: 47-48.
Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Poline JB, Grasby PJ, Williams SC, Frackowiack RS, Turner R. 1995. Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited. Neuroimage 2: 45-53.
Smith EE, Jonides J, Koeppe RA. 1996. Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET. Cereb Cortex 6: 11-20.
Courtney SM, Ungerleider LG, Keil K, Haxby JV. 1996. Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex. Cereb Cortex 6: 39-49.
Pennington BF, Heaton RK, Karzmark P, Pendleton MG, Lehman R, Shucard DW. 1985. The neuropsychological phenotype in Turner syndrome. Cortex 21: 391-404.
Lawrence AD, Hodges JR, Rosser AE, Kershaw A, Constant C, Rubinsztein DC, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. 1998. Evidence for specific cognitive deficits in preclinical Huntington disease. Brain 121: 1329-1341.
McCarthy G, Puce A, Constable RT, Krystal JH, Gore JC, Goldman-Rakic P. 1996. Activation of human prefrontal cortex during spatial and nonspatial working memory tasks measured by functional MRI. Cereb Cortex 6: 600-611.
Mishkin M, Ungerleider LG, Macko KA. 1983. Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways. Trends Neurosci 6: 414-417.
Benton AL, Sivan AB, Hamsher KD, Varney MR, Spreen O. 1994. Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: a clinical manual. New York: Oxford University Press.
Carlson S, Martinkauppi S, Rama P, Salli E, Korvenoja A, Aronen HJ. 1998. Distribution of cortical activation during visuospatial n-back tasks as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex 8: 743-752.
McCarthy G, Blamire AM, Puce A, Nobre AC, Bloch G, Hyder F, Goldman-Rakic P, Shulman RG. 1994. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human prefrontal cortex activation during a spatial working memory task. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 8690-8694.
Romans SM, Stefanatos G, Roeltgen DP, Kushner H, Ross JL. 1998. Transition to young adulthood in Ullrich-Turner syndrome: neurodevelopmental changes. Am J Med Genet 79: 140-147.
Talairach T, Tournoux P. 1988. Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: a 3-dimensional proportional system, an approach to cerebral imaging. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
Waber DP. 1979. Neuropsychological aspects of Turner syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 21: 58-70.
Friedman HR, Goldman-Rakic PS. 1994. Coactivation of prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex in working memory tasks revealed by 2DG functional mapping in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 14: 2775-2788.
Smith EE, Jonides J. 1999. Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283: 1657-1661.
Silbert A, Wolff PH, Lilienthal J. 1977. Spatial and temporal processing in patients with Turner syndrome. Behav Genet 7: 11-21.
Braver TS, Cohen JD, Nystrom LE, Jonides J, Smith EE, Noll DC. 1997. A parametric study of prefrontal cortex involvement in human working memory. Neuroimage 5: 49-62.
Jonides J, Smith EE, Koeppe RA, Awh E, Minoshima S, Mintun MA. 1993. Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET [see comments]. Nature 363: 623-625.
Battig K, Rosvold M, Mishkin M. 1960. Comparison of the effects of frontal and caudate lesions on delayed response and alternation in monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol 53: 400-404.
Cohen JD, MacWhinney B, Flatt M, Provost J. 1993. A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behav Res Meth Instr Comp 25: 257-271.
Downey J, Ehrhardt AA, Gruen R, Bell JJ, Morishima A. 1989. Psychopathology and social functioning in women with Turner syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis 177: 191-201.
Klingberg T, O'Sullivan BT, Roland PE. 1997. Bilateral activation of fronto-parietal networks by incrementing demand in a working memory task. Cereb Cortex 7: 465-471.
Cohen JD, Perlstein WM, Braver TS, Nystrom LE, Noll DC, Jonides J, Smith EE. 1997. Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature 386: 604-608.
Owen AM, Milner B, Petrides M, Evans AC. 1996. Memory for object features versus memory for object location: a positron-emission tomography study of encoding and retrieval processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 9212-9217.
Dean WH, Davis GD. 1959. Behavior changes following caudate lesions in rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 22: 525-537.
Murphy DG, DeCarli CD, Daly E, Haxby JV, Allen G, White BJ, McIntosh AR, Powell CM, Horwitz B, Rapoport SI. 1993. X chromosome effects on female brain: a magnetic resonance imaging study of Turner syndrome. Lancet 342: 1197-1200.
Cummings JL. 1993. Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Arch Neurol 50: 873-880.
Elliott R, Dolan RJ. 1998. Neural response during preference and memory judgments for subliminally presented stimuli: a functional neuroimaging study. J Neurosci 18: 4697-4704.
Holmes AP, Friston KJ. 1998. Generalizability, random effects, and population inference. Neuroimage 7:S754.
Garron DC. 1977. Intelligence among persons with Turner's syndrome. Behav Genet 7: 105-127.
Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. 1986. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 9: 357-381.
Thomas KM, King SW, Franzen PL, Welsh TF, Berkowitz AL, Noll DC, Birmaher V, Casey BJ. 1999. A developmental functional MRI study of spatial working memory. Neuroimage 10: 327-338.
1993; 26
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1986; 9
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1988; 8
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1999; 10
1998; 7
1998; 6
1998; 121
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1998; 95
1979; 21
1977; 7
1996; 6
1989
1998; 8
1994; 6
1998; 79
1988
Wechsler D (e_1_2_7_51_1) 1991
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References_xml – reference: McCarthy G, Puce A, Constable RT, Krystal JH, Gore JC, Goldman-Rakic P. 1996. Activation of human prefrontal cortex during spatial and nonspatial working memory tasks measured by functional MRI. Cereb Cortex 6: 600-611.
– reference: Belger A, Puce A, Krystal JH, Gore JC, Goldman-Rakic P, McCarthy G. 1998. Dissociation of mnemonic and perceptual processes during spatial and nonspatial working memory using fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 6: 14-32.
– reference: Silbert A, Wolff PH, Lilienthal J. 1977. Spatial and temporal processing in patients with Turner syndrome. Behav Genet 7: 11-21.
– reference: Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. 1986. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 9: 357-381.
– reference: Carlson S, Martinkauppi S, Rama P, Salli E, Korvenoja A, Aronen HJ. 1998. Distribution of cortical activation during visuospatial n-back tasks as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex 8: 743-752.
– reference: Postle BR, D'Esposito M. 1999. Dissociation of human caudate nucleus activity in spatial and nonspatial working memory: an event-related fMRI study. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 8: 107-115.
– reference: Waber DP. 1979. Neuropsychological aspects of Turner syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 21: 58-70.
– reference: Cummings JL. 1993. Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Arch Neurol 50: 873-880.
– reference: Rolls ET. 1994. Neurophysiology and cognitive functions of the striatum. Rev Neurol (Paris) 150: 648-660.
– reference: Owen AM, Milner B, Petrides M, Evans AC. 1996. Memory for object features versus memory for object location: a positron-emission tomography study of encoding and retrieval processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 9212-9217.
– reference: Klingberg T, O'Sullivan BT, Roland PE. 1997. Bilateral activation of fronto-parietal networks by incrementing demand in a working memory task. Cereb Cortex 7: 465-471.
– reference: Courtney SM, Ungerleider LG, Keil K, Haxby JV. 1996. Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex. Cereb Cortex 6: 39-49.
– reference: Mishkin M, Ungerleider LG, Macko KA. 1983. Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways. Trends Neurosci 6: 414-417.
– reference: Money J, Alexander D. 1966. Turner syndrome: further demonstration of the presence of specific cognitional deficiencies. J Med Genet 3: 47-48.
– reference: Friedman HR, Goldman-Rakic PS. 1994. Coactivation of prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex in working memory tasks revealed by 2DG functional mapping in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 14: 2775-2788.
– reference: Casey BJ, Cohen JD, O'Craven K, Davidson RJ, Irwin W, Nelson CA, Noll DC, Hu X, Lowe MJ, Rosen BR, Truwitt CL, Turski PA. 1998. Reproducibility of fMRI results across four institutions using a spatial working memory task. Neuroimage 8: 249-261.
– reference: Cohen JD, MacWhinney B, Flatt M, Provost J. 1993. A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behav Res Meth Instr Comp 25: 257-271.
– reference: Wechsler D. 1991. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation (Harcourt Brace and Company).
– reference: Ungerleider LG, Courtney SM, Haxby JV. 1998. A neural system for human visual working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 883-890.
– reference: Rovet JF. 1993. The psychoeducational characteristics of children with Turner syndrome. J Learn Disabil 26: 333-341.
– reference: Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Poline JB, Grasby PJ, Williams SC, Frackowiack RS, Turner R. 1995. Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited. Neuroimage 2: 45-53.
– reference: Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS. 1988. Common cortical and subcortical targets of the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in the rhesus monkey: evidence for a distributed neural network subserving spatially guided behavior. J Neurosci 8: 4049-4068.
– reference: Glover GH, Lai S. 1998. Self-navigated spiral fMRI: interleaved versus single-shot. Magn Reson Med 39: 361-368.
– reference: Lawrence AD, Hodges JR, Rosser AE, Kershaw A, Constant C, Rubinsztein DC, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. 1998. Evidence for specific cognitive deficits in preclinical Huntington disease. Brain 121: 1329-1341.
– reference: Pennington BF, Heaton RK, Karzmark P, Pendleton MG, Lehman R, Shucard DW. 1985. The neuropsychological phenotype in Turner syndrome. Cortex 21: 391-404.
– reference: Braver TS, Cohen JD, Nystrom LE, Jonides J, Smith EE, Noll DC. 1997. A parametric study of prefrontal cortex involvement in human working memory. Neuroimage 5: 49-62.
– reference: Poline JB, Worsley KJ, Evans AC, Friston KJ. 1997. Combining spatial extent and peak intensity to test for activations in functional imaging. Neuroimage 5: 83-96.
– reference: Smith EE, Jonides J, Koeppe RA. 1996. Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET. Cereb Cortex 6: 11-20.
– reference: Smith EE, Jonides J. 1999. Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283: 1657-1661.
– reference: Elliott R, Dolan RJ. 1998. Neural response during preference and memory judgments for subliminally presented stimuli: a functional neuroimaging study. J Neurosci 18: 4697-4704.
– reference: Holmes AP, Friston KJ. 1998. Generalizability, random effects, and population inference. Neuroimage 7:S754.
– reference: Romans SM, Stefanatos G, Roeltgen DP, Kushner H, Ross JL. 1998. Transition to young adulthood in Ullrich-Turner syndrome: neurodevelopmental changes. Am J Med Genet 79: 140-147.
– reference: Woodcock R, NM. 1989. Woodcock-Johnson tests of cognitive ability: standard and supplemental batteries. San Antonio: DLM Teaching Resources.
– reference: Reiss AL, Mazzocco MM, Greenlaw R, Freund LS, Ross JL. 1995. Neurodevelopmental effects of × monosomy: a volumetric imaging study. Ann Neurol 38: 731-738.
– reference: Dean WH, Davis GD. 1959. Behavior changes following caudate lesions in rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 22: 525-537.
– reference: Jonides J, Smith EE, Koeppe RA, Awh E, Minoshima S, Mintun MA. 1993. Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET [see comments]. Nature 363: 623-625.
– reference: Wechsler D. 1997. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation (Harcourt Brace and Company).
– reference: Alexander GE, Crutcher MD, DeLong MR. 1990. Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, prefrontal and limbic functions. Prog Brain Res 85: 119-146.
– reference: Battig K, Rosvold M, Mishkin M. 1960. Comparison of the effects of frontal and caudate lesions on delayed response and alternation in monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol 53: 400-404.
– reference: Goldman-Rakic PS. 1994. Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 6: 348-357.
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– reference: Thomas KM, King SW, Franzen PL, Welsh TF, Berkowitz AL, Noll DC, Birmaher V, Casey BJ. 1999. A developmental functional MRI study of spatial working memory. Neuroimage 10: 327-338.
– reference: Cohen JD, Perlstein WM, Braver TS, Nystrom LE, Noll DC, Jonides J, Smith EE. 1997. Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature 386: 604-608.
– reference: Garron DC. 1977. Intelligence among persons with Turner's syndrome. Behav Genet 7: 105-127.
– reference: Talairach T, Tournoux P. 1988. Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: a 3-dimensional proportional system, an approach to cerebral imaging. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
– reference: Murphy DG, DeCarli CD, Daly E, Haxby JV, Allen G, White BJ, McIntosh AR, Powell CM, Horwitz B, Rapoport SI. 1993. X chromosome effects on female brain: a magnetic resonance imaging study of Turner syndrome. Lancet 342: 1197-1200.
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– reference: Netley C, Rovet J. 1982. Atypical hemispheric lateralization in Turner syndrome subjects. Cortex 18: 377-384.
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Snippet Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo‐spatial...
Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo-spatial...
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SubjectTerms Adolescent
Biological and medical sciences
Brain Mapping
caudate
Caudate Nucleus - pathology
Caudate Nucleus - physiopathology
Cerebral Cortex - pathology
Cerebral Cortex - physiopathology
Child
Chromosome aberrations
Female
Frontal Lobe - pathology
Frontal Lobe - physiopathology
Functional Laterality - physiology
functional MRI
Humans
Intelligence Tests
Learning Disorders - etiology
Learning Disorders - pathology
Learning Disorders - physiopathology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Medical genetics
Medical sciences
Memory Disorders - pathology
Memory Disorders - physiopathology
Memory, Short-Term - physiology
neuroimaging
Neuropsychological Tests
Original
parietal cortex
Parietal Lobe - pathology
Parietal Lobe - physiopathology
prefrontal cortex
Psychomotor Performance - physiology
Space Perception - physiology
spatial cognition
Turner Syndrome - pathology
Turner Syndrome - physiopathology
X monosomy
Title Functional neuroanatomy of visuo-spatial working memory in turner syndrome
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-ZWPP1S1K-J/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fhbm.1044
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11500993
https://www.proquest.com/docview/18190303
https://www.proquest.com/docview/71083840
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6872011
Volume 14
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