Effect of point-of-care CD4 cell count tests on retention of patients and rates of antiretroviral therapy initiation in primary health clinics: an observational cohort study
Summary Background Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to the scale-up of treatment. We implemented point-of-care counting of CD4 cells in Mozambique and assessed the effect on loss to follow-...
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| Published in | The Lancet (British edition) Vol. 378; no. 9802; pp. 1572 - 1579 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Kidlington
Elsevier Ltd
29.10.2011
Elsevier Elsevier Limited |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Summary Background Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to the scale-up of treatment. We implemented point-of-care counting of CD4 cells in Mozambique and assessed the effect on loss to follow-up before immunological staging and treatment initiation. Methods In this observational cohort study, data for enrolment into HIV management and initiation of antiretroviral therapy were extracted retrospectively from patients' records at four primary health clinics providing HIV treatment and point-of-care CD4 services. Loss to follow-up and the duration of each preparatory step before treatment initiation were measured and compared with baseline data from before the introduction of point-of-care CD4 testing. Findings After the introduction of point-of-care CD4 the proportion of patients lost to follow-up before completion of CD4 staging dropped from 57% (278 of 492) to 21% (92 of 437) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·2, 95% CI 0·15–0·27). Total loss to follow-up before initiation of antiretroviral treatment fell from 64% (314 of 492) to 33% (142 of 437) (OR 0·27, 95% CI 0·21–0·36) and the proportion of enrolled patients initiating antiretroviral therapy increased from 12% (57 of 492) to 22% (94 of 437) (OR 2·05, 95% CI 1·42–2·96). The median time from enrolment to antiretroviral therapy initiation reduced from 48 days to 20 days (p<0·0001), primarily because of a reduction in the median time taken to complete CD4 staging, which decreased from 32 days to 3 days (p<0·0001). Loss to follow-up between staging and antiretroviral therapy initiation did not change significantly (OR 0·84, 95% CI 0·49–1·45). Interpretation Point-of-care CD4 testing enabled clinics to stage patients rapidly on-site after enrolment, which reduced opportunities for pretreatment loss to follow-up. As a result, more patients were identified as eligible for and initiated antiretroviral treatment. Point-of-care testing might therefore be an effective intervention to reduce pretreatment loss to follow-up. Funding Absolute Return for Kids and UNITAID. |
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| AbstractList | Background: Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to the scale-up of treatment. We implemented point-of-care counting of CD4 cells in Mozambique and assessed the effect on loss to follow-up before immunological staging and treatment initiation. Methods: In this observational cohort study, data for enrolment into HIV management and initiation of antiretroviral therapy were extracted retrospectively from patients' records at four primary health clinics providing HIV treatment and point-of-care CD4 services. Loss to follow-up and the duration of each preparatory step before treatment initiation were measured and compared with baseline data from before the introduction of point-of-care CD4 testing. Findings: After the introduction of point-of-care CD4 the proportion of patients lost to follow-up before completion of CD4 staging dropped from 57% (278 of 492) to 21% (92 of 437) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0 times 2, 95% CI 0 times 15-0 times 27). Total loss to follow-up before initiation of antiretroviral treatment fell from 64% (314 of 492) to 33% (142 of 437) (OR 0 times 27, 95% CI 0 times 21-0 times 36) and the proportion of enrolled patients initiating antiretroviral therapy increased from 12% (57 of 492) to 22% (94 of 437) (OR 2 times 05, 95% CI 1 times 42-2 times 96). The median time from enrolment to antiretroviral therapy initiation reduced from 48 days to 20 days (p<0 times 0001), primarily because of a reduction in the median time taken to complete CD4 staging, which decreased from 32 days to 3 days (p<0 times 0001). Loss to follow-up between staging and antiretroviral therapy initiation did not change significantly (OR 0 times 84, 95% CI 0 times 49-1 times 45). Interpretation: Point-of-care CD4 testing enabled clinics to stage patients rapidly on-site after enrolment, which reduced opportunities for pretreatment loss to follow-up. As a result, more patients were identified as eligible for and initiated antiretroviral treatment. Point-of-care testing might therefore be an effective intervention to reduce pretreatment loss to follow-up. Funding: Absolute Return for Kids and UNITAID. Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to the scale-up of treatment. We implemented point-of-care counting of CD4 cells in Mozambique and assessed the effect on loss to follow-up before immunological staging and treatment initiation. In this observational cohort study, data for enrolment into HIV management and initiation of antiretroviral therapy were extracted retrospectively from patients' records at four primary health clinics providing HIV treatment and point-of-care CD4 services. Loss to follow-up and the duration of each preparatory step before treatment initiation were measured and compared with baseline data from before the introduction of point-of-care CD4 testing. After the introduction of point-of-care CD4 the proportion of patients lost to follow-up before completion of CD4 staging dropped from 57% (278 of 492) to 21% (92 of 437) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·2, 95% CI 0·15–0·27). Total loss to follow-up before initiation of antiretroviral treatment fell from 64% (314 of 492) to 33% (142 of 437) (OR 0·27, 95% CI 0·21–0·36) and the proportion of enrolled patients initiating antiretroviral therapy increased from 12% (57 of 492) to 22% (94 of 437) (OR 2·05, 95% CI 1·42–2·96). The median time from enrolment to antiretroviral therapy initiation reduced from 48 days to 20 days (p<0·0001), primarily because of a reduction in the median time taken to complete CD4 staging, which decreased from 32 days to 3 days (p<0·0001). Loss to follow-up between staging and antiretroviral therapy initiation did not change significantly (OR 0·84, 95% CI 0·49–1·45). Point-of-care CD4 testing enabled clinics to stage patients rapidly on-site after enrolment, which reduced opportunities for pretreatment loss to follow-up. As a result, more patients were identified as eligible for and initiated antiretroviral treatment. Point-of-care testing might therefore be an effective intervention to reduce pretreatment loss to follow-up. Absolute Return for Kids and UNITAID. Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to the scale-up of treatment. We implemented point-of-care counting of CD4 cells in Mozambique and assessed the effect on loss to follow-up before immunological staging and treatment initiation. In this observational cohort study, data for enrolment into HIV management and initiation of antiretroviral therapy were extracted retrospectively from patients' records at four primary health clinics providing HIV treatment and point-of-care CD4 services. Loss to follow-up and the duration of each preparatory step before treatment initiation were measured and compared with baseline data from before the introduction of point-of-care CD4 testing. After the introduction of point-of-care CD4 the proportion of patients lost to follow-up before completion of CD4 staging dropped from 57% (278 of 492) to 21% (92 of 437) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.2, 95% CI 0.15-0.27). Total loss to follow-up before initiation of antiretroviral treatment fell from 64% (314 of 492) to 33% (142 of 437) (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.21-0.36) and the proportion of enrolled patients initiating antiretroviral therapy increased from 12% (57 of 492) to 22% (94 of 437) (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.42-2.96). The median time from enrolment to antiretroviral therapy initiation reduced from 48 days to 20 days (p<0.0001), primarily because of a reduction in the median time taken to complete CD4 staging, which decreased from 32 days to 3 days (p<0.0001). Loss to follow-up between staging and antiretroviral therapy initiation did not change significantly (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.49-1.45). Point-of-care CD4 testing enabled clinics to stage patients rapidly on-site after enrolment, which reduced opportunities for pretreatment loss to follow-up. As a result, more patients were identified as eligible for and initiated antiretroviral treatment. Point-of-care testing might therefore be an effective intervention to reduce pretreatment loss to follow-up. BACKGROUNDLoss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to the scale-up of treatment. We implemented point-of-care counting of CD4 cells in Mozambique and assessed the effect on loss to follow-up before immunological staging and treatment initiation.METHODSIn this observational cohort study, data for enrolment into HIV management and initiation of antiretroviral therapy were extracted retrospectively from patients' records at four primary health clinics providing HIV treatment and point-of-care CD4 services. Loss to follow-up and the duration of each preparatory step before treatment initiation were measured and compared with baseline data from before the introduction of point-of-care CD4 testing.FINDINGSAfter the introduction of point-of-care CD4 the proportion of patients lost to follow-up before completion of CD4 staging dropped from 57% (278 of 492) to 21% (92 of 437) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·2, 95% CI 0·15-0·27). Total loss to follow-up before initiation of antiretroviral treatment fell from 64% (314 of 492) to 33% (142 of 437) (OR 0·27, 95% CI 0·21-0·36) and the proportion of enrolled patients initiating antiretroviral therapy increased from 12% (57 of 492) to 22% (94 of 437) (OR 2·05, 95% CI 1·42-2·96). The median time from enrolment to antiretroviral therapy initiation reduced from 48 days to 20 days (p<0·0001), primarily because of a reduction in the median time taken to complete CD4 staging, which decreased from 32 days to 3 days (p<0·0001). Loss to follow-up between staging and antiretroviral therapy initiation did not change significantly (OR 0·84, 95% CI 0·49-1·45).INTERPRETATIONPoint-of-care CD4 testing enabled clinics to stage patients rapidly on-site after enrolment, which reduced opportunities for pretreatment loss to follow-up. As a result, more patients were identified as eligible for and initiated antiretroviral treatment. Point-of-care testing might therefore be an effective intervention to reduce pretreatment loss to follow-up.FUNDINGAbsolute Return for Kids and UNITAID. Summary Background Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to the scale-up of treatment. We implemented point-of-care counting of CD4 cells in Mozambique and assessed the effect on loss to follow-up before immunological staging and treatment initiation. Methods In this observational cohort study, data for enrolment into HIV management and initiation of antiretroviral therapy were extracted retrospectively from patients' records at four primary health clinics providing HIV treatment and point-of-care CD4 services. Loss to follow-up and the duration of each preparatory step before treatment initiation were measured and compared with baseline data from before the introduction of point-of-care CD4 testing. Findings After the introduction of point-of-care CD4 the proportion of patients lost to follow-up before completion of CD4 staging dropped from 57% (278 of 492) to 21% (92 of 437) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·2, 95% CI 0·15–0·27). Total loss to follow-up before initiation of antiretroviral treatment fell from 64% (314 of 492) to 33% (142 of 437) (OR 0·27, 95% CI 0·21–0·36) and the proportion of enrolled patients initiating antiretroviral therapy increased from 12% (57 of 492) to 22% (94 of 437) (OR 2·05, 95% CI 1·42–2·96). The median time from enrolment to antiretroviral therapy initiation reduced from 48 days to 20 days (p<0·0001), primarily because of a reduction in the median time taken to complete CD4 staging, which decreased from 32 days to 3 days (p<0·0001). Loss to follow-up between staging and antiretroviral therapy initiation did not change significantly (OR 0·84, 95% CI 0·49–1·45). Interpretation Point-of-care CD4 testing enabled clinics to stage patients rapidly on-site after enrolment, which reduced opportunities for pretreatment loss to follow-up. As a result, more patients were identified as eligible for and initiated antiretroviral treatment. Point-of-care testing might therefore be an effective intervention to reduce pretreatment loss to follow-up. Funding Absolute Return for Kids and UNITAID. BACKGROUND: Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to the scale-up of treatment. We implemented point-of-care counting of CD4 cells in Mozambique and assessed the effect on loss to follow-up before immunological staging and treatment initiation. METHODS: In this observational cohort study, data for enrolment into HIV management and initiation of antiretroviral therapy were extracted retrospectively from patients' records at four primary health clinics providing HIV treatment and point-of-care CD4 services. Loss to follow-up and the duration of each preparatory step before treatment initiation were measured and compared with baseline data from before the introduction of point-of-care CD4 testing. FINDINGS: After the introduction of point-of-care CD4 the proportion of patients lost to follow-up before completion of CD4 staging dropped from 57% (278 of 492) to 21% (92 of 437) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·2, 95% CI 0·15–0·27). Total loss to follow-up before initiation of antiretroviral treatment fell from 64% (314 of 492) to 33% (142 of 437) (OR 0·27, 95% CI 0·21–0·36) and the proportion of enrolled patients initiating antiretroviral therapy increased from 12% (57 of 492) to 22% (94 of 437) (OR 2·05, 95% CI 1·42–2·96). The median time from enrolment to antiretroviral therapy initiation reduced from 48 days to 20 days (p<0·0001), primarily because of a reduction in the median time taken to complete CD4 staging, which decreased from 32 days to 3 days (p<0·0001). Loss to follow-up between staging and antiretroviral therapy initiation did not change significantly (OR 0·84, 95% CI 0·49–1·45). INTERPRETATION: Point-of-care CD4 testing enabled clinics to stage patients rapidly on-site after enrolment, which reduced opportunities for pretreatment loss to follow-up. As a result, more patients were identified as eligible for and initiated antiretroviral treatment. Point-of-care testing might therefore be an effective intervention to reduce pretreatment loss to follow-up. FUNDING: Absolute Return for Kids and UNITAID. |
| Author | Lehe, Jonathan D Jani, Ilesh V Chongo, Patrina L Peter, Trevor F Quevedo, Jorge I Sitoe, Nádia E Alfai, Eunice R Rocha, Beatriz M |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Jani, Ilesh V, Dr – sequence: 2 fullname: Sitoe, Nádia E, BSc – sequence: 3 fullname: Alfai, Eunice R, BSc – sequence: 4 fullname: Chongo, Patrina L, BSc – sequence: 5 fullname: Quevedo, Jorge I, BSc – sequence: 6 fullname: Rocha, Beatriz M, BA – sequence: 7 fullname: Lehe, Jonathan D, BA – sequence: 8 fullname: Peter, Trevor F, PhD |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24698148$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951656$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CODEN | LANCAO |
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| References | McCoy, Chand, Sridhar (bib2) 2009; 24 Holmes, Coggin, Jamieson (bib4) 2010; 304 (bib23) 2010 Fox, Rosen (bib8) 2010; 15 Rosen, Fox (bib14) 2011; 8 Losina, Bassett, Giddy (bib16) 2010; 5 Amuron, Namara, Birungi (bib19) 2009; 9 Mulissa, Jerene, Lindtjørn (bib20) 2010; 5 Nash, Wua, Elula (bib27) 2011; 25 Walensky, Wood, Ciaranello (bib28) 2010; 7 Bassett, Wang, Chetty (bib15) 2009; 51 Jani, Sitoe, Chongo (bib29) 2011; 25 Lawn, Myer, Harling (bib10) 2006; 43 Cleary, McIntyre, Boulle (bib6) 2008; 22 van Oosterhout, Bodasing, Kumwenda (bib11) 2005; 10 Wools-Kaloustian, Kimaiyo, Diero (bib12) 2006; 20 Mossdorf, Stoeckle, Mwaigomole (bib26) 2011; 11 Brinkhof, Pujades-Rodriguez, Egger (bib9) 2009; 4 Kranzer, Zeinecker, Ginsberg (bib21) 2010; 5 Micek, Gimbel-Sherr, Baptista (bib18) 2009; 52 Braitstein, Brinkhof, Dabis (bib33) 2006; 367 Bassett, Regan, Chetty (bib17) 2010; 24 Bekker, Myer, Orrell (bib13) 2006; 96 Hardon, Akurut, Comoro (bib31) 2007; 19 bib7 Geng, Bwana, Kabakyenga (bib5) 2010; 5 Forster, Bailey, Brinkhof (bib22) 2008; 86 Ravishankar, Gubbins, Cooley (bib3) 2009; 373 Maskew, MacPhail, Menezes (bib32) 2007; 97 Zachariah, Harries, Manzi (bib30) 2006; 1 bib1 (bib24) 2010 (bib25) 2009; 373 22035547 - Lancet. 2011 Oct 29;378(9802):1532-3 van Oosterhout (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib11) 2005; 10 Holmes (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib4) 2010; 304 Kranzer (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib21) 2010; 5 Cleary (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib6) 2008; 22 Mulissa (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib20) 2010; 5 Nash (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib27) 2011; 25 Jani (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib29) 2011; 25 McCoy (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib2) 2009; 24 Walensky (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib28) 2010; 7 Micek (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib18) 2009; 52 Ravishankar (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib3) 2009; 373 Brinkhof (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib9) 2009; 4 Wools-Kaloustian (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib12) 2006; 20 Rosen (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib14) 2011; 8 Losina (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib16) 2010; 5 (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib24) 2010 Braitstein (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib33) 2006; 367 Bekker (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib13) 2006; 96 Hardon (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib31) 2007; 19 (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib25) 2009; 373 Fox (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib8) 2010; 15 Maskew (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib32) 2007; 97 Zachariah (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib30) 2006; 1 Bassett (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib15) 2009; 51 Mossdorf (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib26) 2011; 11 Amuron (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib19) 2009; 9 Bassett (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib17) 2010; 24 (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib23) 2010 Lawn (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib10) 2006; 43 Forster (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib22) 2008; 86 Geng (10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61052-0_bib5) 2010; 5 |
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| Snippet | Summary Background Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a... Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to the scale-up... BACKGROUND: Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to... BACKGROUNDLoss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to... Background: Loss to follow-up of HIV-positive patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy can exceed 50% in low-income settings and is a challenge to... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Age Factors Ambulatory Care - methods Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Antiretroviral agents Antiretroviral drugs antiretroviral therapy Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active - methods Antiviral agents Attitude to Health Biological and medical sciences CD4 antigen CD4 Lymphocyte Count Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Confidence Intervals Data collection Data processing Developing Countries Enumeration Female Follow-Up Studies General aspects HIV HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Infections - immunology Human immunodeficiency virus Human viral diseases Humans Infant Infectious diseases Internal Medicine Male Medical sciences Mozambique Observational studies Odds Ratio Patient Compliance patients Pharmacology. Drug treatments Point-of-Care Systems Primary care Retrospective Studies Risk Assessment Sex Factors Socioeconomic Factors therapeutics Treatment Outcome Viral diseases Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids Young Adult |
| Title | Effect of point-of-care CD4 cell count tests on retention of patients and rates of antiretroviral therapy initiation in primary health clinics: an observational cohort study |
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