The Dynamic Regulatory Genome of Capsaspora and the Origin of Animal Multicellularity

• Published in: Cell Vol. 165; no. 5; pp. 1224 - 1237
• Main Authors: Sebé-Pedrós, Arnau, Ballaré, Cecilia, Parra-Acero, Helena, Chiva, Cristina, Tena, Juan J., Sabidó, Eduard, Gómez-Skarmeta, José Luis, Di Croce, Luciano, Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 19.05.2016; Elsevier; Cell Press
• Subjects: Animals; Biological Evolution; Capsaspora owczarzaki; Eukaryota - classification; Eukaryota - cytology; Eukaryota - genetics; Gene Regulatory Networks; Genome; Genòmica; Histones - metabolism; Humans; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional; RNA, Untranslated
• ISSN: 0092-8674; 1097-4172
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.034

The unicellular ancestor of animals had a complex repertoire of genes linked to multicellular processes. This suggests that changes in the regulatory genome, rather than in gene innovation, were key to the origin of animals. Here, we carry out multiple functional genomic assays in Capsaspora owczarzaki, the unicellular relative of animals with the largest known gene repertoire for transcriptional regulation. We show that changing chromatin states, differential lincRNA expression, and dynamic cis-regulatory sites are associated with life cycle transitions in Capsaspora. Moreover, we demonstrate conservation of animal developmental transcription-factor networks and extensive network interconnection in this premetazoan organism. In contrast, however, Capsaspora lacks animal promoter types, and its regulatory sites are small, proximal, and lack signatures of animal enhancers. Overall, our results indicate that the emergence of animal multicellularity was linked to a major shift in genome cis-regulatory complexity, most notably the appearance of distal enhancer regulation. [Display omitted] •Dynamic chromatin states and cis-regulatory sites in a unicellular context•Elaborate lincRNA regulation associated with a unicellular life cycle•Premetazoan origin of core metazoan developmental transcription-factor networks•Distal enhancer elements are a metazoan innovation Analysis of the regulatory genome in one of our closest unicellular relatives suggests that the appearance of developmental promoters and distal enhancer elements, rather than of gene innovations, may have been the critical events underlying the origin of multicellular organisms.