Chrysomya putoria, a putative vector of diarrheal diseases

Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of their strong association with human feces and their synanthropic nature, we examined whether these flies are likely to be vectors of diarrhea...

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Published inPLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 6; no. 11; p. e1895
Main Authors Lindsay, Steven W, Lindsay, Thomas C, Duprez, Jessica, Hall, Martin J R, Kwambana, Brenda A, Jawara, Musa, Nurudeen, Ikumapayi U, Sallah, Neneh, Wyatt, Nigel, D'Alessandro, Umberto, Pinder, Margaret, Antonio, Martin
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 01.11.2012
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects
Animals
Bacteriological Techniques
Biology
Blowflies
Care and treatment
Child
Child, Preschool
Diarrhea
Diarrhea - microbiology
Diptera - microbiology
Diptera - physiology
Disease Vectors
Dogs
Enterobacteriaceae - classification
Enterobacteriaceae - genetics
Enterobacteriaceae - growth & development
Enterobacteriaceae - isolation & purification
Feces
Food
Gambia
Genetic aspects
Genetic vectors
Humans
Medicine
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Properties
Ruminants
Gambia
Humans
Child, Preschool
Diarrhea
Animals
Gambia
Dogs
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Bacteriological Techniques
Disease Vectors
Feces
Child
Diptera
Ruminants
Enterobacteriaceae
Food
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Abstract Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of their strong association with human feces and their synanthropic nature, we examined whether these flies are likely to be vectors of diarrheal pathogens. Flies were sampled using exit traps placed over the drop holes of latrines in Gambian villages. Odor-baited fly traps were used to determine the relative attractiveness of different breeding and feeding media. The presence of bacteria on flies was confirmed by culture and bacterial DNA identified using PCR. A median of 7.00 flies/latrine/day (IQR = 0.0-25.25) was collected, of which 95% were Chrysomya spp, and of these nearly all were Chrysomya putoria (99%). More flies were collected from traps with feces from young children (median = 3.0, IQR = 1.75-10.75) and dogs (median = 1.50, IQR = 0.0-13.25) than from herbivores (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; goat, horse, cow and calf; p<0.001). Flies were strongly attracted to raw meat (median = 44.5, IQR = 26.25-143.00) compared with fish (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-19.75, ns), cooked and uncooked rice, and mangoes (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; p<0.001). Escherichia coli were cultured from the surface of 21% (15/72 agar plates) of Chrysomya spp and 10% of these were enterotoxigenic. Enteroaggregative E. coli were identified by PCR in 2% of homogenized Chrysomya spp, Shigella spp in 1.4% and Salmonella spp in 0.6% of samples. The large numbers of C. putoria that can emerge from pit latrines, the presence of enteric pathogens on flies, and their strong attraction to raw meat and fish suggests these flies may be common vectors of diarrheal diseases in Africa.
AbstractList Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of their strong association with human feces and their synanthropic nature, we examined whether these flies are likely to be vectors of diarrheal pathogens. Flies were sampled using exit traps placed over the drop holes of latrines in Gambian villages. Odor-baited fly traps were used to determine the relative attractiveness of different breeding and feeding media. The presence of bacteria on flies was confirmed by culture and bacterial DNA identified using PCR. A median of 7.00 flies/latrine/day (IQR = 0.0-25.25) was collected, of which 95% were Chrysomya spp, and of these nearly all were Chrysomya putoria (99%). More flies were collected from traps with feces from young children (median = 3.0, IQR = 1.75-10.75) and dogs (median = 1.50, IQR = 0.0-13.25) than from herbivores (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; goat, horse, cow and calf; p<0.001). Flies were strongly attracted to raw meat (median = 44.5, IQR = 26.25-143.00) compared with fish (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-19.75, ns), cooked and uncooked rice, and mangoes (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; p<0.001). Escherichia coli were cultured from the surface of 21% (15/72 agar plates) of Chrysomya spp and 10% of these were enterotoxigenic. Enteroaggregative E. coli were identified by PCR in 2% of homogenized Chrysomya spp, Shigella spp in 1.4% and Salmonella spp in 0.6% of samples. The large numbers of C. putoria that can emerge from pit latrines, the presence of enteric pathogens on flies, and their strong attraction to raw meat and fish suggests these flies may be common vectors of diarrheal diseases in Africa.
  Background Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of their strong association with human feces and their synanthropic nature, we examined whether these flies are likely to be vectors of diarrheal pathogens. Methodology/Principal Findings Flies were sampled using exit traps placed over the drop holes of latrines in Gambian villages. Odor-baited fly traps were used to determine the relative attractiveness of different breeding and feeding media. The presence of bacteria on flies was confirmed by culture and bacterial DNA identified using PCR. A median of 7.00 flies/latrine/day (IQR = 0.0-25.25) was collected, of which 95% were Chrysomya spp, and of these nearly all were Chrysomya putoria (99%). More flies were collected from traps with feces from young children (median = 3.0, IQR = 1.75-10.75) and dogs (median = 1.50, IQR = 0.0-13.25) than from herbivores (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; goat, horse, cow and calf; p<0.001). Flies were strongly attracted to raw meat (median = 44.5, IQR = 26.25-143.00) compared with fish (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-19.75, ns), cooked and uncooked rice, and mangoes (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; p<0.001). Escherichia coli were cultured from the surface of 21% (15/72 agar plates) of Chrysomya spp and 10% of these were enterotoxigenic. Enteroaggregative E. coli were identified by PCR in 2% of homogenized Chrysomya spp, Shigella spp in 1.4% and Salmonella spp in 0.6% of samples. Conclusions/Significance The large numbers of C. putoria that can emerge from pit latrines, the presence of enteric pathogens on flies, and their strong attraction to raw meat and fish suggests these flies may be common vectors of diarrheal diseases in Africa.
Background: Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of their strong association with human feces and their synanthropic nature, we examined whether these flies are likely to be vectors of diarrheal pathogens. Methodology/Principal Findings: Flies were sampled using exit traps placed over the drop holes of latrines in Gambian villages. Odor-baited fly traps were used to determine the relative attractiveness of different breeding and feeding media. The presence of bacteria on flies was confirmed by culture and bacterial DNA identified using PCR. A median of 7.00 flies/ latrine/day (IQR = 0.0-25.25) was collected, of which 95% were Chrysomya spp, and of these nearly all were Chrysomya putoria (99%). More flies were collected from traps with feces from young children (median = 3.0, IQR= 1.75-10.75) and dogs (median = 1.50, IQR = 0.0-13.25) than from herbivores (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0;goat, horse, cow and calf;p<0.001). Flies were strongly attracted to raw meat (median = 44.5, |Qr = 26.25-143.00) compared with fish (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0- 19.75, ns), cooked and uncooked rice, and mangoes (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0;p<0.001). Escherichia coli were cultured from the surface of 21% (15/72 agar plates) of Chrysomya spp and 10% of these were enterotoxigenic. Enteroaggregative E. coli were identified by PCR in 2% of homogenized Chrysomya spp, Shigella spp in 1.4% and Salmonella spp in 0.6% of samples. Conclusions/Significance: The large numbers of C. putoria that can emerge from pit latrines, the presence of enteric pathogens on flies, and their strong attraction to raw meat and fish suggests these flies may be common vectors of diarrheal diseases in Africa.
BACKGROUND:Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of their strong association with human feces and their synanthropic nature, we examined whether these flies are likely to be vectors of diarrheal pathogens. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Flies were sampled using exit traps placed over the drop holes of latrines in Gambian villages. Odor-baited fly traps were used to determine the relative attractiveness of different breeding and feeding media. The presence of bacteria on flies was confirmed by culture and bacterial DNA identified using PCR. A median of 7.00 flies/latrine/day (IQR = 0.0-25.25) was collected, of which 95% were Chrysomya spp, and of these nearly all were Chrysomya putoria (99%). More flies were collected from traps with feces from young children (median = 3.0, IQR = 1.75-10.75) and dogs (median = 1.50, IQR = 0.0-13.25) than from herbivores (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; goat, horse, cow and calf; p<0.001). Flies were strongly attracted to raw meat (median = 44.5, IQR = 26.25-143.00) compared with fish (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-19.75, ns), cooked and uncooked rice, and mangoes (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; p<0.001). Escherichia coli were cultured from the surface of 21% (15/72 agar plates) of Chrysomya spp and 10% of these were enterotoxigenic. Enteroaggregative E. coli were identified by PCR in 2% of homogenized Chrysomya spp, Shigella spp in 1.4% and Salmonella spp in 0.6% of samples. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:The large numbers of C. putoria that can emerge from pit latrines, the presence of enteric pathogens on flies, and their strong attraction to raw meat and fish suggests these flies may be common vectors of diarrheal diseases in Africa.
BACKGROUNDChrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of their strong association with human feces and their synanthropic nature, we examined whether these flies are likely to be vectors of diarrheal pathogens. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGSFlies were sampled using exit traps placed over the drop holes of latrines in Gambian villages. Odor-baited fly traps were used to determine the relative attractiveness of different breeding and feeding media. The presence of bacteria on flies was confirmed by culture and bacterial DNA identified using PCR. A median of 7.00 flies/latrine/day (IQR = 0.0-25.25) was collected, of which 95% were Chrysomya spp, and of these nearly all were Chrysomya putoria (99%). More flies were collected from traps with feces from young children (median = 3.0, IQR = 1.75-10.75) and dogs (median = 1.50, IQR = 0.0-13.25) than from herbivores (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; goat, horse, cow and calf; p<0.001). Flies were strongly attracted to raw meat (median = 44.5, IQR = 26.25-143.00) compared with fish (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-19.75, ns), cooked and uncooked rice, and mangoes (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0-0.0; p<0.001). Escherichia coli were cultured from the surface of 21% (15/72 agar plates) of Chrysomya spp and 10% of these were enterotoxigenic. Enteroaggregative E. coli were identified by PCR in 2% of homogenized Chrysomya spp, Shigella spp in 1.4% and Salmonella spp in 0.6% of samples. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCEThe large numbers of C. putoria that can emerge from pit latrines, the presence of enteric pathogens on flies, and their strong attraction to raw meat and fish suggests these flies may be common vectors of diarrheal diseases in Africa.
While it is well recognized that the house fly can transmit enteric pathogens, here we show the common African latrine fly, Chrysomya putoria , is likely to be an important vector of these pathogens, since an average latrine can produce 100,000 latrine flies each year. Our behavioral studies of flies in The Gambia show that latrine flies are attracted strongly to human feces, raw beef and fish, providing a clear mechanism for faecal pathogens to be transferred from faeces to food. We used PCR techniques to demonstrate that these flies are carrying Shigella , Salmonella and E. coli , all important causes of diarrhea. Moreover our culture work shows that these pathogens are viable. Latrine flies are likely to be important vectors of diarrheal disease, although further research is required to determine what proportion of infections are due to this fly.
Audience Academic
Author Kwambana, Brenda A
Nurudeen, Ikumapayi U
Lindsay, Thomas C
Sallah, Neneh
Lindsay, Steven W
Duprez, Jessica
Jawara, Musa
Pinder, Margaret
Hall, Martin J R
D'Alessandro, Umberto
Antonio, Martin
Wyatt, Nigel
AuthorAffiliation 1 School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham City, United Kingdom
5 Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
University of California, Davis, United States of America
4 Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
3 Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
2 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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2012 Lindsay et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Lindsay SW, Lindsay TC, Duprez J, Hall MJR, Kwambana BA, et al. (2012) Chrysomya putoria, a Putative Vector of Diarrheal Diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(11): e1895. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001895
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Issue 11
Keywords Humans
Child, Preschool
Diarrhea
Animals
Gambia
Dogs
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Bacteriological Techniques
Disease Vectors
Feces
Child
Diptera
Ruminants
Enterobacteriaceae
Food
Language English
License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
Creative Commons Attribution License
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content type line 23
Conceived and designed the experiments: SWL TCL JD BAK IUN MP MA. Performed the experiments: TCL JD BAK IUN NS. Analyzed the data: SWL TCL MH BAK IUN NS NW MA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MH BAK IUN NS NW. Wrote the paper: SWL TCL JD MH BAK MJ IUN NS NW UD MP MA. Project management: MP MJ UD IUN MA.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486903/
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PublicationTitle PLoS neglected tropical diseases
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Snippet Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of...
Background: Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines....
BACKGROUNDChrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines....
While it is well recognized that the house fly can transmit enteric pathogens, here we show the common African latrine fly, Chrysomya putoria , is likely to be...
BACKGROUND:Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines....
  Background Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit...
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StartPage e1895
SubjectTerms Animals
Bacteriological Techniques
Biology
Blowflies
Care and treatment
Child
Child, Preschool
Diarrhea
Diarrhea - microbiology
Diptera - microbiology
Diptera - physiology
Disease Vectors
Dogs
Enterobacteriaceae - classification
Enterobacteriaceae - genetics
Enterobacteriaceae - growth & development
Enterobacteriaceae - isolation & purification
Feces
Food
Gambia
Genetic aspects
Genetic vectors
Humans
Medicine
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Properties
Ruminants
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Title Chrysomya putoria, a putative vector of diarrheal diseases
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23133694
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3486903
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001895
Volume 6
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