How does copayment for health care services affect demand, health and redistribution? A systematic review of the empirical evidence from 1990 to 2011

• Published in: The European journal of health economics Vol. 15; no. 8; pp. 813 - 828
• Main Authors: Kiil, Astrid, Houlberg, Kurt
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer 01.11.2014; Springer Berlin Heidelberg; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Ambulatory care; Ambulatory Care - economics; Ambulatory Care - statistics & numerical data; Copayments; Deductibles and Coinsurance - economics; Deductibles and Coinsurance - statistics & numerical data; Delivery of Health Care - economics; Delivery of Health Care - organization & administration; Delivery of Health Care - statistics & numerical data; Demand; Drug prescriptions; Economic history; Economic Policy; Economic statistics; Economic theory; Emergency medical services; Empirical evidence; Experiments; General practice; Health care delivery; Health Care Management; Health care services; Health Economics; Health insurance; Health services; Health Services Needs and Demand - economics; Health Services Needs and Demand - organization & administration; Health Services Needs and Demand - statistics & numerical data; Hospitalization - economics; Hospitalization - statistics & numerical data; Humans; International; Low income; Low income groups; Manycountries; Medical research; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; National health insurance; Older adults; Operating rooms; Original Paper; Payments; Pharmacoeconomics and Health Outcomes; Prescription drugs; Prescription Drugs - economics; Prescription Drugs - therapeutic use; Price elasticity of demand; Public Finance; Public Health; Studies; Systematic review; Behavioural effects; Health; Distributional consequences; Demand effects; I18 (Government policy; regulation, public health); Copayment; I14 (Health and inequality); I11 (Analysis of healthcare markets)
• DOI: 10.1007/s10198-013-0526-8
• ISSN: 1618-7598; 1618-7601

This article reviews the quantitative evidence on the behavioural effects of copayment within the health area across a wide range of countries. The review distinguishes itself from previous similar reviews by having a high degree of transparency for the search strategy used to identify the studies included in the review as well as the criteria for inclusion and by including the most recent literature. Empirical studies were identified by performing searches in EconLit. The literature search identified a total of 47 studies of the behavioural effects of copayment. Considering the demand effects, the majority of the reviewed studies found that copayment reduces the use of prescription medicine, consultations with general practitioners and specialists, and ambulatory care, respectively. The literature found no significant effects of copayment on the prevalence of hospitalisations. The empirical evidence on whether copayment for some services, but not for others, causes substitution from the services that are subject to copayment to the 'free' services rather than lower total use is sparse and mixed. Likewise, the health effects of copayment have only been analysed empirically in a limited number of studies, of which half did not find any significant effects in the short term. Finally, the empirical evidence on the distributional consequences of copayment indicates that individuals with low income and in particular need of care generally reduce their use relatively more than the remaining population in consequence of copayment. Hence, it is clear that copayment involves some important economic and political trade-offs.