Artificial light at night causes diapause inhibition and sex‐specific life history changes in a moth

Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are largely unknown. Moths are well‐known to be attracted to light at night, but effects of light on other aspects of moth ecology, such as larval deve...

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Published inEcology and evolution Vol. 4; no. 11; pp. 2082 - 2089
Main Authors Geffen, Koert G., Grunsven, Roy H. A., Ruijven, Jasper, Berendse, Frank, Veenendaal, Elmar M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2014
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Subjects
biodiversity
body-size
Butterflies & moths
Caterpillars
Darkness
Design
development time
diamondback moth
Diapause
Ecological effects
Eggs
Entomology
epirrita-autumnata lepidoptera
Experiments
Fitness
flight ability
geometridae
Growth rate
Illumination
Information sources
Lamps
Larval development
Life history
Light effects
Light levels
Light pollution
Light sources
Lighting
lobesia-botrana
Luminous intensity
Mamestra brassicae
Night
Noctuidae
Nocturnal
Original Research
plasticity
plutella-xylostella
Population studies
Pupae
pupal mass
Pupation
Sex
Summer
utetheisa-ornatrix
White light
Netherlands
Western Europe
light pollution
Caterpillars
diapause
pupation
development time
pupal mass
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Abstract Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are largely unknown. Moths are well‐known to be attracted to light at night, but effects of light on other aspects of moth ecology, such as larval development and life‐history, remain unknown. Such effects may have important consequences for fitness and thus for moth population sizes. To study the effects of artificial night lighting on development and life‐history of moths, we experimentally subjected Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) caterpillars to low intensity green, white, red or no artificial light at night and determined their growth rate, maximum caterpillar mass, age at pupation, pupal mass and pupation duration. We found sex‐specific effects of artificial light on caterpillar life‐history, with male caterpillars subjected to green and white light reaching a lower maximum mass, pupating earlier and obtaining a lower pupal mass than male caterpillars under red light or in darkness. These effects can have major implications for fitness, but were absent in female caterpillars. Moreover, by the time that the first adult moth from the dark control treatment emerged from its pupa (after 110 days), about 85% of the moths that were under green light and 83% of the moths that were under white light had already emerged. These differences in pupation duration occurred in both sexes and were highly significant, and likely result from diapause inhibition by artificial night lighting. We conclude that low levels of nocturnal illumination can disrupt life‐histories in moths and inhibit the initiation of pupal diapause. This may result in reduced fitness and increased mortality. The application of red light, instead of white or green light, might be an appropriate measure to mitigate negative artificial light effects on moth life history. Artificial night lighting is a widespread and continuously growing phenomenon, with largely unknown consequences for nocturnal organisms. It is well‐established that moths are strongly attacted to light, but artificial light effects on other aspects of moth ecology remain poorly studied. Here, we show that effects of artificial light at night extend far beyond attraction: life‐history of moths may be disturbed, and light at night can interefere with daylength as a cue for initiaton of pupal diapause.
AbstractList Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are largely unknown. Moths are well-known to be attracted to light at night, but effects of light on other aspects of moth ecology, such as larval development and life-history, remain unknown. Such effects may have important consequences for fitness and thus for moth population sizes. To study the effects of artificial night lighting on development and life-history of moths, we experimentally subjected Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) caterpillars to low intensity green, white, red or no artificial light at night and determined their growth rate, maximum caterpillar mass, age at pupation, pupal mass and pupation duration. We found sex-specific effects of artificial light on caterpillar life-history, with male caterpillars subjected to green and white light reaching a lower maximum mass, pupating earlier and obtaining a lower pupal mass than male caterpillars under red light or in darkness. These effects can have major implications for fitness, but were absent in female caterpillars. Moreover, by the time that the first adult moth from the dark control treatment emerged from its pupa (after 110 days), about 85% of the moths that were under green light and 83% of the moths that were under white light had already emerged. These differences in pupation duration occurred in both sexes and were highly significant, and likely result from diapause inhibition by artificial night lighting. We conclude that low levels of nocturnal illumination can disrupt life-histories in moths and inhibit the initiation of pupal diapause. This may result in reduced fitness and increased mortality. The application of red light, instead of white or green light, might be an appropriate measure to mitigate negative artificial light effects on moth life history.
Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are largely unknown. Moths are well-known to be attracted to light at night, but effects of light on other aspects of moth ecology, such as larval development and life-history, remain unknown. Such effects may have important consequences for fitness and thus for moth population sizes. To study the effects of artificial night lighting on development and life-history of moths, we experimentally subjected Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) caterpillars to low intensity green, white, red or no artificial light at night and determined their growth rate, maximum caterpillar mass, age at pupation, pupal mass and pupation duration. We found sex-specific effects of artificial light on caterpillar life-history, with male caterpillars subjected to green and white light reaching a lower maximum mass, pupating earlier and obtaining a lower pupal mass than male caterpillars under red light or in darkness. These effects can have major implications for fitness, but were absent in female caterpillars. Moreover, by the time that the first adult moth from the dark control treatment emerged from its pupa (after 110 days), about 85% of the moths that were under green light and 83% of the moths that were under white light had already emerged. These differences in pupation duration occurred in both sexes and were highly significant, and likely result from diapause inhibition by artificial night lighting. We conclude that low levels of nocturnal illumination can disrupt life-histories in moths and inhibit the initiation of pupal diapause. This may result in reduced fitness and increased mortality. The application of red light, instead of white or green light, might be an appropriate measure to mitigate negative artificial light effects on moth life history. Artificial night lighting is a widespread and continuously growing phenomenon, with largely unknown consequences for nocturnal organisms. It is well-established that moths are strongly attacted to light, but artificial light effects on other aspects of moth ecology remain poorly studied. Here, we show that effects of artificial light at night extend far beyond attraction: life-history of moths may be disturbed, and light at night can interefere with daylength as a cue for initiaton of pupal diapause.
Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are largely unknown. Moths are well-known to be attracted to light at night, but effects of light on other aspects of moth ecology, such as larval development and life-history, remain unknown. Such effects may have important consequences for fitness and thus for moth population sizes. To study the effects of artificial night lighting on development and life-history of moths, we experimentally subjected Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) caterpillars to low intensity green, white, red or no artificial light at night and determined their growth rate, maximum caterpillar mass, age at pupation, pupal mass and pupation duration. We found sex-specific effects of artificial light on caterpillar life-history, with male caterpillars subjected to green and white light reaching a lower maximum mass, pupating earlier and obtaining a lower pupal mass than male caterpillars under red light or in darkness. These effects can have major implications for fitness, but were absent in female caterpillars. Moreover, by the time that the first adult moth from the dark control treatment emerged from its pupa (after 110 days), about 85% of the moths that were under green light and 83% of the moths that were under white light had already emerged. These differences in pupation duration occurred in both sexes and were highly significant, and likely result from diapause inhibition by artificial night lighting. We conclude that low levels of nocturnal illumination can disrupt life-histories in moths and inhibit the initiation of pupal diapause. This may result in reduced fitness and increased mortality. The application of red light, instead of white or green light, might be an appropriate measure to mitigate negative artificial light effects on moth life history.
Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are largely unknown. Moths are well‐known to be attracted to light at night, but effects of light on other aspects of moth ecology, such as larval development and life‐history, remain unknown. Such effects may have important consequences for fitness and thus for moth population sizes. To study the effects of artificial night lighting on development and life‐history of moths, we experimentally subjected Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) caterpillars to low intensity green, white, red or no artificial light at night and determined their growth rate, maximum caterpillar mass, age at pupation, pupal mass and pupation duration. We found sex‐specific effects of artificial light on caterpillar life‐history, with male caterpillars subjected to green and white light reaching a lower maximum mass, pupating earlier and obtaining a lower pupal mass than male caterpillars under red light or in darkness. These effects can have major implications for fitness, but were absent in female caterpillars. Moreover, by the time that the first adult moth from the dark control treatment emerged from its pupa (after 110 days), about 85% of the moths that were under green light and 83% of the moths that were under white light had already emerged. These differences in pupation duration occurred in both sexes and were highly significant, and likely result from diapause inhibition by artificial night lighting. We conclude that low levels of nocturnal illumination can disrupt life‐histories in moths and inhibit the initiation of pupal diapause. This may result in reduced fitness and increased mortality. The application of red light, instead of white or green light, might be an appropriate measure to mitigate negative artificial light effects on moth life history. Artificial night lighting is a widespread and continuously growing phenomenon, with largely unknown consequences for nocturnal organisms. It is well‐established that moths are strongly attacted to light, but artificial light effects on other aspects of moth ecology remain poorly studied. Here, we show that effects of artificial light at night extend far beyond attraction: life‐history of moths may be disturbed, and light at night can interefere with daylength as a cue for initiaton of pupal diapause.
Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are largely unknown. Moths are well‐known to be attracted to light at night, but effects of light on other aspects of moth ecology, such as larval development and life‐history, remain unknown. Such effects may have important consequences for fitness and thus for moth population sizes. To study the effects of artificial night lighting on development and life‐history of moths, we experimentally subjected Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) caterpillars to low intensity green, white, red or no artificial light at night and determined their growth rate, maximum caterpillar mass, age at pupation, pupal mass and pupation duration. We found sex‐specific effects of artificial light on caterpillar life‐history, with male caterpillars subjected to green and white light reaching a lower maximum mass, pupating earlier and obtaining a lower pupal mass than male caterpillars under red light or in darkness. These effects can have major implications for fitness, but were absent in female caterpillars. Moreover, by the time that the first adult moth from the dark control treatment emerged from its pupa (after 110 days), about 85% of the moths that were under green light and 83% of the moths that were under white light had already emerged. These differences in pupation duration occurred in both sexes and were highly significant, and likely result from diapause inhibition by artificial night lighting. We conclude that low levels of nocturnal illumination can disrupt life‐histories in moths and inhibit the initiation of pupal diapause. This may result in reduced fitness and increased mortality. The application of red light, instead of white or green light, might be an appropriate measure to mitigate negative artificial light effects on moth life history.
Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are largely unknown. Moths are well-known to be attracted to light at night, but effects of light on other aspects of moth ecology, such as larval development and life-history, remain unknown. Such effects may have important consequences for fitness and thus for moth population sizes. To study the effects of artificial night lighting on development and life-history of moths, we experimentally subjected Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) caterpillars to low intensity green, white, red or no artificial light at night and determined their growth rate, maximum caterpillar mass, age at pupation, pupal mass and pupation duration. We found sex-specific effects of artificial light on caterpillar life-history, with male caterpillars subjected to green and white light reaching a lower maximum mass, pupating earlier and obtaining a lower pupal mass than male caterpillars under red light or in darkness. These effects can have major implications for fitness, but were absent in female caterpillars. Moreover, by the time that the first adult moth from the dark control treatment emerged from its pupa (after 110 days), about 85% of the moths that were under green light and 83% of the moths that were under white light had already emerged. These differences in pupation duration occurred in both sexes and were highly significant, and likely result from diapause inhibition by artificial night lighting. We conclude that low levels of nocturnal illumination can disrupt life-histories in moths and inhibit the initiation of pupal diapause. This may result in reduced fitness and increased mortality. The application of red light, instead of white or green light, might be an appropriate measure to mitigate negative artificial light effects on moth life history.Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are largely unknown. Moths are well-known to be attracted to light at night, but effects of light on other aspects of moth ecology, such as larval development and life-history, remain unknown. Such effects may have important consequences for fitness and thus for moth population sizes. To study the effects of artificial night lighting on development and life-history of moths, we experimentally subjected Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) caterpillars to low intensity green, white, red or no artificial light at night and determined their growth rate, maximum caterpillar mass, age at pupation, pupal mass and pupation duration. We found sex-specific effects of artificial light on caterpillar life-history, with male caterpillars subjected to green and white light reaching a lower maximum mass, pupating earlier and obtaining a lower pupal mass than male caterpillars under red light or in darkness. These effects can have major implications for fitness, but were absent in female caterpillars. Moreover, by the time that the first adult moth from the dark control treatment emerged from its pupa (after 110 days), about 85% of the moths that were under green light and 83% of the moths that were under white light had already emerged. These differences in pupation duration occurred in both sexes and were highly significant, and likely result from diapause inhibition by artificial night lighting. We conclude that low levels of nocturnal illumination can disrupt life-histories in moths and inhibit the initiation of pupal diapause. This may result in reduced fitness and increased mortality. The application of red light, instead of white or green light, might be an appropriate measure to mitigate negative artificial light effects on moth life history.
Author Grunsven, Roy H. A.
Veenendaal, Elmar M.
Ruijven, Jasper
Geffen, Koert G.
Berendse, Frank
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Koert G.
  surname: Geffen
  fullname: Geffen, Koert G.
  organization: Wageningen University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Roy H. A.
  surname: Grunsven
  fullname: Grunsven, Roy H. A.
  organization: Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Jasper
  surname: Ruijven
  fullname: Ruijven, Jasper
  organization: Wageningen University
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Frank
  surname: Berendse
  fullname: Berendse, Frank
  organization: Wageningen University
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Elmar M.
  surname: Veenendaal
  fullname: Veenendaal, Elmar M.
  organization: Wageningen University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25360250$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2014 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2014. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2014 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2014
Wageningen University & Research
Copyright_xml – notice: 2014 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
– notice: 2014. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2014 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2014
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Issue 11
Keywords light pollution
Caterpillars
diapause
pupation
development time
pupal mass
Language English
License Attribution
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Funding Information This study is part of the “Light On Nature” project, which is funded by NWO-STW Grant 11110, Philips Lighting, and the Dutch Oil Company (NAM).
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Snippet Rapidly increasing levels of light pollution subject nocturnal organisms to major alterations of their habitat, the ecological consequences of which are...
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SourceType Open Access Repository
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StartPage 2082
SubjectTerms biodiversity
body-size
Butterflies & moths
Caterpillars
Darkness
Design
development time
diamondback moth
Diapause
Ecological effects
Eggs
Entomology
epirrita-autumnata lepidoptera
Experiments
Fitness
flight ability
geometridae
Growth rate
Illumination
Information sources
Lamps
Larval development
Life history
Light effects
Light levels
Light pollution
Light sources
Lighting
lobesia-botrana
Luminous intensity
Mamestra brassicae
Night
Noctuidae
Nocturnal
Original Research
plasticity
plutella-xylostella
Population studies
Pupae
pupal mass
Pupation
Sex
Summer
utetheisa-ornatrix
White light
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Title Artificial light at night causes diapause inhibition and sex‐specific life history changes in a moth
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fece3.1090
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25360250
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2290152830
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1619316725
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1712564910
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4201423
http://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs%2F477046
Volume 4
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