Intestinal Dysbiosis and Lowered Serum Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Parkinson’s Disease

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 10; no. 11; p. e0142164
• Main Authors: Hasegawa, Satoru, Goto, Sae, Tsuji, Hirokazu, Okuno, Tatsuya, Asahara, Takashi, Nomoto, Koji, Shibata, Akihide, Fujisawa, Yoshiro, Minato, Tomomi, Okamoto, Akira, Ohno, Kinji, Hirayama, Masaaki
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 05.11.2015; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acute-Phase Proteins; Aged; Bacteria; Bacteria - genetics; Bacteroides fragilis; Cancer; Carrier Proteins - blood; Case-Control Studies; Clostridium; Colon; Constipation; Constipation - blood; Constipation - microbiology; DNA, Bacterial - genetics; Dysbacteriosis; Dysbiosis - blood; Dysbiosis - microbiology; E coli; Feces - microbiology; Female; Gene sequencing; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Hydrogen; Intestinal Mucosa - microbiology; Intestine; Irritable bowel syndrome; Laboratories; Lactobacillus; Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins - blood; Membrane permeability; Metabolism; Metagenome - genetics; Microbiota; Movement disorders; Mucosa; Nervous system; Neurodegenerative diseases; Organs; Oxidative stress; Parkinson Disease - blood; Parkinson Disease - microbiology; Parkinson's disease; Parkinsons disease; Patients; Permeability; Polymerase chain reaction; Proteins; Regression analysis; Regression models; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics; rRNA 16S; rRNA 23S; Synuclein; University graduates; Womens health
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142164

The intestine is one of the first affected organs in Parkinson's disease (PD). PD subjects show abnormal staining for Escherichia coli and α-synuclein in the colon. We recruited 52 PD patients and 36 healthy cohabitants. We measured serum markers and quantified the numbers of 19 fecal bacterial groups/genera/species by quantitative RT-PCR of 16S or 23S rRNA. Although the six most predominant bacterial groups/genera/species covered on average 71.3% of total intestinal bacteria, our analysis was not comprehensive compared to metagenome analysis or 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. In PD, the number of Lactobacillus was higher, while the sum of analyzed bacteria, Clostridium coccoides group, and Bacteroides fragilis group were lower than controls. Additionally, the sum of putative hydrogen-producing bacteria was lower in PD. A linear regression model to predict disease durations demonstrated that C. coccoides group and Lactobacillus gasseri subgroup had the largest negative and positive coefficients, respectively. As a linear regression model to predict stool frequencies showed that these bacteria were not associated with constipation, changes in these bacteria were unlikely to represent worsening of constipation in the course of progression of PD. In PD, the serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein levels were lower than controls, while the levels of serum diamine oxidase, a marker for intestinal mucosal integrity, remained unchanged in PD. The permeability to LPS is likely to be increased without compromising the integrity of intestinal mucosa in PD. The increased intestinal permeability in PD may make the patients susceptible to intestinal dysbiosis. Conversely, intestinal dysbiosis may lead to the increased intestinal permeability. One or both of the two mechanisms may be operational in development and progression of PD.