A Review of Paleo El Niño-Southern Oscillation

The Earth has seen El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)—the leading mode of interannual climate variability—for at least millennia and likely over millions of years. This paper reviews previous studies from perspectives of both paleoclimate proxy data (from traditional sediment records to the latest...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inAtmosphere Vol. 9; no. 4; p. 130
Main Authors Lu, Zhengyao, Liu, Zhengyu, Zhu, Jiang, Cobb, Kim M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 30.03.2018
Subjects
Climate
Climate change
Climate model
Climate models
Climate Research
Climate Science
Climate variability
Computer simulation
Data
Earth
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
El Nino
El Nino phenomena
El Nino-Southern Oscillation event
ENSO
Evolution
Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap
Geovetenskap och relaterad miljövetenskap
Glacial periods
Global warming
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases
Ice ages
Ice sheets
Interglacial periods
Klimatforskning
Klimatvetenskap
Natural Sciences
Naturvetenskap
Ocean currents
open climate campaign
Oxygen
Oxygen isotopes
Paleoclimate
Proxy data
Records
Simulation
Southern Oscillation
Statistical methods
Variability
Volcanic gases
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract The Earth has seen El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)—the leading mode of interannual climate variability—for at least millennia and likely over millions of years. This paper reviews previous studies from perspectives of both paleoclimate proxy data (from traditional sediment records to the latest high-resolution oxygen isotope records) and model simulations (including earlier intermediate models to the latest isotope-enabled coupled models). It summarizes current understanding of ENSO’s past evolution during both interglacial and glacial periods and its response to external climatic forcings such as volcanic, orbital, ice-sheet and greenhouse gas forcings. Due to the intrinsic irregularity of ENSO and its complicated relationship with other climate phenomena, reconstructions and model simulations of ENSO variability are subject to inherent difficulties in interpretations and biases. Resolving these challenges through new data syntheses, new statistical methods, more complex climate model simulations as well as direct model-data comparisons can potentially better constrain uncertainty regarding ENSO’s response to future global warming.
AbstractList The Earth has seen El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)—the leading mode of interannual climate variability—for at least millennia and likely over millions of years. This paper reviews previous studies from perspectives of both paleoclimate proxy data (from traditional sediment records to the latest high-resolution oxygen isotope records) and model simulations (including earlier intermediate models to the latest isotope-enabled coupled models). It summarizes current understanding of ENSO’s past evolution during both interglacial and glacial periods and its response to external climatic forcings such as volcanic, orbital, ice-sheet and greenhouse gas forcings. Due to the intrinsic irregularity of ENSO and its complicated relationship with other climate phenomena, reconstructions and model simulations of ENSO variability are subject to inherent difficulties in interpretations and biases. Resolving these challenges through new data syntheses, new statistical methods, more complex climate model simulations as well as direct model-data comparisons can potentially better constrain uncertainty regarding ENSO’s response to future global warming.
The Earth has seen El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-the leading mode of interannual climate variability-for at least millennia and likely over millions of years. This paper reviews previous studies from perspectives of both paleoclimate proxy data (from traditional sediment records to the latest high-resolution oxygen isotope records) and model simulations (including earlier intermediate models to the latest isotope-enabled coupled models). It summarizes current understanding of ENSO's past evolution during both interglacial and glacial periods and its response to external climatic forcings such as volcanic, orbital, ice-sheet and greenhouse gas forcings. Due to the intrinsic irregularity of ENSO and its complicated relationship with other climate phenomena, reconstructions and model simulations of ENSO variability are subject to inherent difficulties in interpretations and biases. Resolving these challenges through new data syntheses, new statistical methods, more complex climate model simulations as wellas direct model-data comparisons can potentially better constrain uncertainty regarding ENSO's response to future global warming.
Author Zhu, Jiang
Cobb, Kim M.
Lu, Zhengyao
Liu, Zhengyu
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Zhengyao
  surname: Lu
  fullname: Lu, Zhengyao
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Zhengyu
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, Zhengyu
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Jiang
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0908-5130
  surname: Zhu
  fullname: Zhu, Jiang
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Kim M.
  surname: Cobb
  fullname: Cobb, Kim M.
BackLink https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/da7c59e2-5503-4eb5-b550-9ae9cd486655$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index
oai:portal.research.lu.se:publications/da7c59e2-5503-4eb5-b550-9ae9cd486655$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index
BookMark eNqNkt1qFTEQxxepYK298wEWvHVtNh_nJJelVC0cWvHjephNZm0O6WZNshYfy2fwxUzPqVBFwYEwQ_jPb2aSedocTHGipnnes1dCGHaC5SZmwyTrBXvUHHK2Fp2UQhw8iJ80xzlvWTVpBBfysDk5bd_TV0-3bRzbdxgotuehvfQ_vsfuQ1zKNaWpvcrWh4DFx-lZ83jEkOn43h81n16ffzx7222u3lycnW46qwwvnTCSIR-ZkZzrYSVRq9EOZA3jPaLkK-YUkUU2crSC-mFk6IiZNXfKcurFUXOx57qIW5iTv8H0DSJ62F3E9BkwFW8DgdUkHGpnueQSR8RBG-RMSY1GO0eVhXtWvqV5GX6jzTEVDJAoEyZ7DWGBTFBVwdvdwBkcrutQxEEpJkDSoGCoIRgkY53Uq5VStcbmnzXCMtcz3LP_E_dij5tT_LJQLrCNS5rqiwOvX6yNVppXFd-rbIo5JxrB-rLruiT0AXoGd6sBD1ejJr38I-lXr3-V_wQTGr2S
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1038_s41559_021_01474_4
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2024_118516
crossref_primary_10_1175_JCLI_D_21_0293_1
crossref_primary_10_3389_fclim_2024_1511997
crossref_primary_10_1175_JCLI_D_19_0110_1
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2404758121
crossref_primary_10_1029_2023GL107634
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_palaeo_2020_110037
crossref_primary_10_1080_15564894_2022_2072026
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_palaeo_2023_111904
crossref_primary_10_1098_rstb_2020_0384
crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_aax0087
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40641_019_00152_9
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_epsl_2018_10_016
crossref_primary_10_1029_2019GL082838
crossref_primary_10_3390_atmos15111399
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00382_018_4382_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_geogeo_2022_100124
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gloplacha_2023_104247
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1912242117
crossref_primary_10_1029_2019JD030383
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_palaeo_2022_111148
crossref_primary_10_1029_2019GL083410
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00382_019_04637_z
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_epsl_2019_03_014
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_earscirev_2020_103286
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_palaeo_2024_112494
crossref_primary_10_5194_gmd_14_1147_2021
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_024_51985_4
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_61013_2
crossref_primary_10_5194_esd_11_447_2020
crossref_primary_10_1175_JCLI_D_19_0728_1
crossref_primary_10_5194_cp_16_1777_2020
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41586_024_07984_y
crossref_primary_10_1175_JCLI_D_19_0394_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_earscirev_2023_104313
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecss_2023_108523
crossref_primary_10_3390_cli11080168
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physleta_2018_08_013
crossref_primary_10_1029_2018GL079710
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_quascirev_2023_108209
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gloplacha_2018_08_003
crossref_primary_10_3390_rs14061318
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_palaeo_2021_110442
crossref_primary_10_1139_cjfr_2023_0180
crossref_primary_10_3389_feart_2021_593332
crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_add9832
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00382_022_06153_z
Cites_doi 10.1029/2004PA001099
10.1002/2017GL075433
10.1038/nature09777
10.1038/ngeo1823
10.1038/ngeo2608
10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00138-9
10.1002/2014PA002742
10.1073/pnas.1509153112
10.1007/s00382-011-1029-x
10.1029/1999PA900013
10.1175/2007JCLI1884.1
10.1029/2006RG000204
10.1126/science.1257618
10.1038/ngeo1936
10.1029/2004GL019442
10.1029/1998RG000054
10.1016/0277-3791(91)90033-Q
10.1175/1520-0485(1975)005<0572:ENTDRO>2.0.CO;2
10.1073/pnas.76.7.3051
10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.015
10.1038/nature13636
10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0239.1
10.1073/pnas.0710860105
10.1016/j.epsl.2004.12.003
10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359
10.1038/ncomms10646
10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0899.1
10.1038/nature13592
10.1038/nclimate1374
10.1007/s00382-014-2162-0
10.1126/science.1167625
10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2190:AODT>2.0.CO;2
10.1126/science.1258437
10.1038/nature01675
10.1029/2009GL038710
10.1073/pnas.1303365110
10.5194/cp-9-1543-2013
10.1175/2008JCLI2644.1
10.1002/2017GL073406
10.1029/2001PA000663
10.1073/pnas.0707386105
10.1126/science.1228246
10.1007/s00382-010-0796-0
10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1
10.1002/2014JB011176
10.1029/2008JD010239
10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00233.1
10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<2008:OTGOTE>2.0.CO;2
10.1175/JCLI3748.1
10.1038/nature08831
10.1038/nature01194
10.1029/2008JD010825
10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2668:TSFMIT>2.0.CO;2
10.1175/JCLI4240.1
10.1038/ncomms3692
10.1126/science.1057969
10.1007/s00382-016-3393-z
10.1038/321827a0
10.1126/science.1122666
10.1073/pnas.1402373111
10.1023/A:1013514408468
10.1029/1999PA000466
10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0163:ATFTEP>2.3.CO;2
10.1016/0277-3791(85)90024-1
10.1007/s00382-005-0084-6
10.1029/2001GL013435
10.1126/science.1203724
10.5194/cp-7-903-2011
10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017
10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00251.1
10.1007/s00382-007-0320-3
10.1029/2009PA001778
10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034002
10.1126/science.1246172
10.1002/2014GL060891
10.1126/science.1112596
10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0242.1
10.1038/nclimate1086
10.1007/s00382-015-2681-3
10.1038/nature02567
10.1029/2011RG000371
10.1126/science.aac9937
10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<3807:EPOCAD>2.0.CO;2
10.1029/2000GL011452
10.1029/2006PA001323
10.5194/gmd-2016-106
10.1126/science.1177303
10.1007/s00382-007-0270-9
10.1038/nature13963
10.1029/2003GL018553
10.1002/2017PA003089
10.1038/ncomms16020
10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00006.1
10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.050
10.1029/2008PA001701
10.5194/cp-12-663-2016
10.1038/20859
10.1038/nclimate1936
10.1126/science.1111772
10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1088:ASMSOE>2.0.CO;2
10.1007/s00382-017-3573-5
10.1002/jgrc.20335
10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.043
10.1007/s00382-005-0098-0
10.1126/science.1171041
10.1002/2014GL061446
10.1029/2005RG000172
10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431
10.1130/G22810A.1
10.1073/pnas.1514182113
10.1175/2010JCLI3990.1
10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00759.1
10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0901.1
10.1029/2006GL027221
10.1029/2010PA002097
10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00416.1
10.5194/cp-11-605-2015
10.1038/ngeo868
10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00181.x
10.1175/JCLI4283.1
10.1175/JCLI-3276.1
10.1029/97JC01444
10.5194/gmd-4-571-2011
10.1002/wcc.192
10.1080/16742834.2012.11447035
10.1175/1520-0477(1991)072<0339:TTAMAF>2.0.CO;2
10.1002/palo.20037
10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.013
10.1007/s00382-013-1880-z
10.1130/G30629.1
10.1038/nature01779
10.1029/2007GL030302
10.1126/science.273.5281.1531
10.1126/science.1078766
10.1029/2012PA002378
10.1126/science.1252220
10.1007/s00382-016-3298-x
10.5194/cp-11-1347-2015
10.1038/ncomms15386
10.1029/2011JC007742
10.1126/science.1234210
10.1029/97JC03424
10.1126/science.283.5401.516
10.1007/s00382-010-0872-5
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright MDPI AG 2018
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright MDPI AG 2018
CorporateAuthor MERGE: ModElling the Regional and Global Earth system
Strategiska forskningsområden (SFO)
Dept of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science
Strategic research areas (SRA)
Lunds universitet
Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten
Profile areas and other strong research environments
Faculty of Science
Lund University
Profilområden och andra starka forskningsmiljöer
Institutionen för naturgeografi och ekosystemvetenskap
CorporateAuthor_xml – name: Dept of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science
– name: Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten
– name: Strategiska forskningsområden (SFO)
– name: MERGE: ModElling the Regional and Global Earth system
– name: Profilområden och andra starka forskningsmiljöer
– name: Lund University
– name: Institutionen för naturgeografi och ekosystemvetenskap
– name: Profile areas and other strong research environments
– name: Strategic research areas (SRA)
– name: Faculty of Science
– name: Lunds universitet
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
7QH
7ST
7TG
7TN
7UA
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
BHPHI
BKSAR
C1K
CCPQU
DWQXO
F1W
H96
HCIFZ
KL.
L.G
PCBAR
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PKEHL
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
SOI
ADTPV
AGCHP
AOWAS
D8T
D95
ZZAVC
DOA
DOI 10.3390/atmos9040130
DatabaseName CrossRef
Aqualine
Environment Abstracts
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts
Oceanic Abstracts
Water Resources Abstracts
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials - QC
ProQuest Central
Natural Science Collection
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central
ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts
Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources
SciTech Premium Collection
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic
Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Environment Abstracts
SwePub
SWEPUB Lunds universitet full text
SwePub Articles
SWEPUB Freely available online
SWEPUB Lunds universitet
SwePub Articles full text
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database
Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
Water Resources Abstracts
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection
ProQuest Central
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts
Oceanic Abstracts
Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database
Aqualine
Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic
Environment Abstracts
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
DatabaseTitleList

CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Meteorology & Climatology
EISSN 2073-4433
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_c8e3da8dc2424afaab89a20548a98dde
oai_portal_research_lu_se_publications_da7c59e2_5503_4eb5_b550_9ae9cd486655
oai_lup_lub_lu_se_da7c59e2_5503_4eb5_b550_9ae9cd486655
10_3390_atmos9040130
GroupedDBID 5VS
8FE
8FH
AAFWJ
AAHBH
AAYXX
ADMLS
AENEX
AFKRA
AFPKN
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
BENPR
BHPHI
BKSAR
CCPQU
CITATION
D1K
GROUPED_DOAJ
HCIFZ
IAO
K6-
KQ8
MODMG
M~E
OK1
PCBAR
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PROAC
7QH
7ST
7TG
7TN
7UA
ABUWG
AZQEC
C1K
DWQXO
F1W
H96
KL.
L.G
PKEHL
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
SOI
ADTPV
AGCHP
AOWAS
D8T
D95
ZZAVC
PUEGO
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c592t-3940a2f094228b64a85fcbec9021aa4260d5eeca0f2ac3e1bf0ade0972d5c2e13
IEDL.DBID BENPR
ISSN 2073-4433
IngestDate Mon Sep 01 19:39:59 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 06:57:19 EDT 2025
Thu Jul 03 05:33:55 EDT 2025
Mon Jun 30 11:14:15 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 02:08:01 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:03:53 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 4
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c592t-3940a2f094228b64a85fcbec9021aa4260d5eeca0f2ac3e1bf0ade0972d5c2e13
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0002-0908-5130
OpenAccessLink https://www.proquest.com/docview/2040898582?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%
PQID 2040898582
PQPubID 2032431
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_c8e3da8dc2424afaab89a20548a98dde
swepub_primary_oai_portal_research_lu_se_publications_da7c59e2_5503_4eb5_b550_9ae9cd486655
swepub_primary_oai_lup_lub_lu_se_da7c59e2_5503_4eb5_b550_9ae9cd486655
proquest_journals_2040898582
crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_atmos9040130
crossref_primary_10_3390_atmos9040130
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2018-03-30
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2018-03-30
PublicationDate_xml – month: 03
  year: 2018
  text: 2018-03-30
  day: 30
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace Basel
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Basel
PublicationTitle Atmosphere
PublicationYear 2018
Publisher MDPI AG
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
References ref_94
Clement (ref_49) 2000; 15
Thirumalai (ref_125) 2013; 28
Russon (ref_54) 2013; 9
Timmreck (ref_71) 2012; 3
ref_11
Sachs (ref_42) 2014; 345
ref_130
ref_98
ref_133
ref_96
ref_134
McGregor (ref_78) 2011; 24
ref_19
Brierley (ref_146) 2015; 11
Brierley (ref_155) 2009; 323
ref_15
Rustic (ref_32) 2015; 350
Robock (ref_70) 2000; 38
Bjerknes (ref_1) 1969; 97
Liu (ref_50) 2000; 27
Ford (ref_31) 2015; 347
Koutavas (ref_44) 2006; 34
ref_128
Braconnot (ref_57) 2017; 10
Pausata (ref_95) 2017; 8
Fedorov (ref_151) 2010; 463
Lu (ref_121) 2016; 46
Zhang (ref_25) 2014; 404
ref_123
Hope (ref_64) 2017; 49
Huber (ref_140) 2003; 299
Guilyardi (ref_13) 2006; 26
Riedinger (ref_23) 2002; 27
Flato (ref_99) 2013; Volume 5
Manucharyan (ref_152) 2014; 27
ref_29
ref_28
ref_27
ref_26
Peltier (ref_101) 2015; 120
Erb (ref_112) 2015; 28
Taylor (ref_83) 2012; 93
Wara (ref_142) 2005; 309
Liu (ref_37) 2017; 8
Joos (ref_80) 2008; 105
Dyke (ref_113) 2004; 2
Kutzbach (ref_117) 1985; 4
ref_150
Mann (ref_76) 2005; 18
Cane (ref_21) 2005; 230
Moy (ref_22) 2002; 420
Lewis (ref_65) 2015; 11
Galeotti (ref_147) 2010; 38
McInerney (ref_138) 2011; 39
DiNezio (ref_115) 2013; 6
Cobb (ref_40) 2013; 339
Fedorov (ref_141) 2006; 312
Cobb (ref_43) 2003; 210
Watanabe (ref_35) 2011; 471
Rodbell (ref_46) 1999; 283
Mann (ref_69) 2009; 326
Kug (ref_53) 2012; 7
Wolff (ref_131) 2011; 333
Brady (ref_66) 2016; 97
ref_149
Clement (ref_48) 1999; 14
Schneider (ref_85) 2014; 513
Nnafie (ref_148) 2011; 7
Brown (ref_91) 2008; 30
Caballero (ref_139) 2013; 110
ref_87
Dansgaard (ref_47) 1964; 16
Brady (ref_127) 2013; 26
ref_143
Wang (ref_8) 2012; 8
Zhang (ref_153) 2012; 5
Zhang (ref_144) 2014; 344
Cane (ref_2) 1986; 321
Chen (ref_52) 2017; 30
Song (ref_154) 2017; 48
Tudhope (ref_41) 2001; 291
Braconnot (ref_90) 2012; 38
Ravelo (ref_137) 2004; 429
Meehl (ref_132) 2006; 26
Latif (ref_14) 2009; 106
Haywood (ref_60) 2011; 4
ref_58
Stevenson (ref_68) 2016; 29
Roberts (ref_89) 2014; 27
Kim (ref_106) 2011; 36
ref_56
Vimont (ref_110) 2003; 16
ref_55
Russell (ref_122) 2014; 111
Clement (ref_75) 1996; 9
An (ref_97) 2014; 43
Petit (ref_114) 1999; 399
Zhang (ref_118) 2014; 512
Li (ref_74) 2011; 1
Seager (ref_77) 2008; 21
Chiang (ref_92) 2009; 22
Foley (ref_81) 2005; 309
Li (ref_36) 2013; 3
Cobb (ref_39) 2003; 424
Wyrtki (ref_5) 1975; 5
Takahashi (ref_9) 2017; 98
Timmermann (ref_63) 2007; 20
Capotondi (ref_84) 2013; 118
Haywood (ref_59) 2016; 12
Berger (ref_86) 1991; 10
Zheng (ref_20) 2008; 30
Liu (ref_62) 2009; 325
Timmermann (ref_129) 2007; 20
ref_67
Gao (ref_72) 2008; 113
Kim (ref_107) 2011; 36
Pausata (ref_79) 2015; 112
Karamperidou (ref_93) 2015; 30
Liu (ref_102) 2002; 15
Sandweiss (ref_45) 1996; 273
Liu (ref_108) 1994; 51
Hu (ref_10) 2016; 113
Peltier (ref_100) 2004; 32
Philip (ref_16) 2005; 2
Thompson (ref_38) 2013; 340
Kalnay (ref_82) 2003; 423
ref_116
Stommel (ref_104) 1979; 76
ref_119
Xie (ref_126) 1994; 7
Vimont (ref_109) 2001; 28
ref_111
Huang (ref_17) 2015; 28
Lee (ref_120) 2014; 44
Haywood (ref_136) 2016; 7
Hayes (ref_18) 1991; 72
ref_103
Driscoll (ref_124) 2014; 41
ref_105
Conroy (ref_24) 2008; 27
Cobb (ref_33) 2016; 9
McGee (ref_135) 2014; 390
Capotondi (ref_51) 2015; 13
Ravelo (ref_145) 2014; 346
Neelin (ref_3) 1998; 103
Trenberth (ref_6) 1998; 103
Collins (ref_12) 2010; 3
McGregor (ref_88) 2013; 6
Sadekov (ref_30) 2013; 4
Liu (ref_61) 2014; 515
ref_4
ref_7
Fowler (ref_73) 2012; 2
Chen (ref_34) 2016; 442
References_xml – ident: ref_27
  doi: 10.1029/2004PA001099
– volume: 13
  start-page: 21
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_51
  article-title: Climate model biases and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulation
  publication-title: US CLIVAR Var.
– ident: ref_103
  doi: 10.1002/2017GL075433
– volume: 471
  start-page: 209
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_35
  article-title: Permanent El Niño during the Pliocene warm period not supported by coral evidence
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature09777
– volume: 6
  start-page: 485
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_115
  article-title: The effect of sea level on glacial Indo-Pacific climate
  publication-title: Nat. Geosci.
  doi: 10.1038/ngeo1823
– volume: 9
  start-page: 168
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_33
  article-title: Links between tropical Pacific seasonal, interannual and orbital variability during the Holocene
  publication-title: Nat. Geosci.
  doi: 10.1038/ngeo2608
– volume: 210
  start-page: 91
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_43
  article-title: U/Th-dating living and young fossil corals from the central tropical Pacific
  publication-title: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
  doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00138-9
– volume: 30
  start-page: 527
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_93
  article-title: The response of ENSO flavors to mid-Holocene climate: Implications for proxy interpretation
  publication-title: Paleoceanography
  doi: 10.1002/2014PA002742
– volume: 112
  start-page: 13784
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_79
  article-title: Impacts of high-latitude volcanic eruptions on ENSO and AMOC
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1509153112
– volume: 38
  start-page: 1081
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_90
  article-title: Impact of Earth’s orbit and freshwater fluxes on Holocene climate mean seasonal cycle and ENSO characteristics
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1029-x
– volume: 14
  start-page: 441
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: Orbital controls on the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the tropical climate
  publication-title: Paleoceanography
  doi: 10.1029/1999PA900013
– volume: 21
  start-page: 3134
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: Volcanoes and ENSO over the past millennium
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI1884.1
– ident: ref_134
  doi: 10.1029/2006RG000204
– volume: 346
  start-page: 1467
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_145
  article-title: Comment on “A 12-million-year temperature history of the tropical Pacific Ocean”
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1257618
– volume: 6
  start-page: 949
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_88
  article-title: A weak El Niño/Southern Oscillation with delayed seasonal growth around 4300 years ago
  publication-title: Nat. Geosci.
  doi: 10.1038/ngeo1936
– ident: ref_133
  doi: 10.1029/2004GL019442
– volume: 38
  start-page: 191
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_70
  article-title: Volcanic eruptions and climate
  publication-title: Rev. Geophys.
  doi: 10.1029/1998RG000054
– volume: 10
  start-page: 297
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_86
  article-title: Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years
  publication-title: Quat. Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/0277-3791(91)90033-Q
– volume: 5
  start-page: 572
  year: 1975
  ident: ref_5
  article-title: El Nino-the dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific oceanto atmospheric forcing
  publication-title: J. Phys. Oceanogr.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1975)005<0572:ENTDRO>2.0.CO;2
– volume: 76
  start-page: 3051
  year: 1979
  ident: ref_104
  article-title: Determination of water mass properties of water pumped down from the Ekman layer to the geostrophic flow below
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.7.3051
– volume: 27
  start-page: 1166
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_24
  article-title: Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galápagos lake sediment record
  publication-title: Quat. Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.015
– volume: 513
  start-page: 45
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_85
  article-title: Migrations and dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature13636
– volume: 29
  start-page: 2907
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_68
  article-title: “El Niño Like” Hydroclimate Responses to Last Millennium Volcanic Eruptions
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0239.1
– volume: 106
  start-page: 20578
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: El Niño/Southern Oscillation response to global warming
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0710860105
– volume: 230
  start-page: 227
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: The evolution of El Niño, past and future
  publication-title: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
  doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.12.003
– volume: 32
  start-page: 111
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_100
  article-title: Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age Earth: The ICE-5G (VM2) model and GRACE
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359
– volume: 7
  start-page: 10646
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_136
  article-title: Integrating geological archives and climate models for the mid-Pliocene warm period
  publication-title: Nat. Commun.
  doi: 10.1038/ncomms10646
– ident: ref_4
– ident: ref_98
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0899.1
– volume: 512
  start-page: 290
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_118
  article-title: Abrupt glacial climate shifts controlled by ice sheet changes
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature13592
– volume: 2
  start-page: 172
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_73
  article-title: Multi-centennial tree-ring record of ENSO-related activity in New Zealand
  publication-title: Nat. Clim. Chang.
  doi: 10.1038/nclimate1374
– volume: 44
  start-page: 2429
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_120
  article-title: Tropical Pacific response to continental ice sheet topography
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2162-0
– volume: 323
  start-page: 1714
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_155
  article-title: Greatly expanded tropical warm pool and weakened Hadley circulation in the early Pliocene
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1167625
– volume: 9
  start-page: 2190
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_75
  article-title: An ocean dynamical thermostat
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2190:AODT>2.0.CO;2
– volume: 347
  start-page: 255
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: Reduced El Niño–Southern Oscillation during the Last Glacial Maximum
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1258437
– volume: 423
  start-page: 528
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_82
  article-title: Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature01675
– ident: ref_87
  doi: 10.1029/2009GL038710
– volume: 110
  start-page: 14162
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_139
  article-title: State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1303365110
– volume: 9
  start-page: 1543
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_54
  article-title: Inter-annual tropical Pacific climate variability in an isotope-enabled CGCM: Implications for interpreting coral stable oxygen isotope records of ENSO
  publication-title: Clim. Past
  doi: 10.5194/cp-9-1543-2013
– volume: 22
  start-page: 923
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_92
  article-title: Pacific climate change and ENSO activity in the mid-Holocene
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2644.1
– ident: ref_56
  doi: 10.1002/2017GL073406
– ident: ref_143
  doi: 10.1029/2001PA000663
– volume: 105
  start-page: 1425
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_80
  article-title: Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707386105
– volume: 339
  start-page: 67
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_40
  article-title: Highly variable El Niño–Southern Oscillation throughout the Holocene
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1228246
– volume: 98
  start-page: 1363
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: Observing and predicting the 2015-16 El Niño
  publication-title: Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1593
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_107
  article-title: An ENSO stability analysis. Part I: Results from a hybrid coupled model
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-010-0796-0
– volume: 93
  start-page: 485
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_83
  article-title: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design
  publication-title: Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
  doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1
– volume: 120
  start-page: 450
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_101
  article-title: Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth
  doi: 10.1002/2014JB011176
– volume: 113
  start-page: D23
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_72
  article-title: Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core-based index for climate models
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.
  doi: 10.1029/2008JD010239
– volume: 97
  start-page: 735
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_66
  article-title: Climate variability and change since 850 CE: An ensemble approach with the community earth system model
  publication-title: Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
  doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00233.1
– volume: 7
  start-page: 2008
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_126
  article-title: On the genesis of the equatorial annual cycle
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<2008:OTGOTE>2.0.CO;2
– ident: ref_128
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI3748.1
– volume: 463
  start-page: 1066
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_151
  article-title: Tropical cyclones and permanent El Niño in the early Pliocene epoch
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature08831
– ident: ref_11
– volume: 420
  start-page: 162
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Variability of El Niño/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature01194
– ident: ref_55
  doi: 10.1029/2008JD010825
– volume: 16
  start-page: 2668
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_110
  article-title: The seasonal footprinting mechanism in the Pacific: Implications for ENSO*
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2668:TSFMIT>2.0.CO;2
– volume: 20
  start-page: 4147
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_63
  article-title: The effect of orbital forcing on the mean climate and variability of the tropical Pacific
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI4240.1
– volume: 4
  start-page: 2692
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: Palaeoclimate reconstructions reveal a strong link between El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Tropical Pacific mean state
  publication-title: Nat. Commun.
  doi: 10.1038/ncomms3692
– volume: 291
  start-page: 1511
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: Variability in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation through a glacial-interglacial cycle
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1057969
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1705
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_64
  article-title: Time-varying spectral characteristics of ENSO over the Last Millennium
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3393-z
– volume: 321
  start-page: 827
  year: 1986
  ident: ref_2
  article-title: Experimental forecasts of EL Nino
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/321827a0
– volume: 312
  start-page: 1485
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_141
  article-title: The Pliocene paradox (mechanisms for a permanent El Niño)
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1122666
– volume: 111
  start-page: 5100
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_122
  article-title: Glacial forcing of central Indonesian hydroclimate since 60,000 y BP
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1402373111
– volume: 27
  start-page: 1
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_23
  article-title: A ~6100 14 C yr record of El Niño activity from the Galápagos Islands
  publication-title: J. Paleolimnol.
  doi: 10.1023/A:1013514408468
– volume: 15
  start-page: 731
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: Suppression of El Niño during the Mid-Holocene by changes in the Earth’s orbit
  publication-title: Paleoceanography
  doi: 10.1029/1999PA000466
– volume: 97
  start-page: 163
  year: 1969
  ident: ref_1
  article-title: Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial pacific 1
  publication-title: Mon. Weather Rev.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0163:ATFTEP>2.3.CO;2
– volume: 4
  start-page: 147
  year: 1985
  ident: ref_117
  article-title: Simulation of the climate of 18,000 years BP: Results for the North American/North Atlantic/European sector and comparison with the geologic record of North America
  publication-title: Quat. Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/0277-3791(85)90024-1
– volume: 26
  start-page: 329
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: El Niño–mean state–seasonal cycle interactions in a multi-model ensemble
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-005-0084-6
– volume: 8
  start-page: 3
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: El Nino and southern oscillation (ENSO): A review
  publication-title: Coral Reefs East. Pac.
– volume: 28
  start-page: 3923
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_109
  article-title: Footprinting: A seasonal connection between the tropics and mid-latitudes
  publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett.
  doi: 10.1029/2001GL013435
– volume: 333
  start-page: 743
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_131
  article-title: Reduced interannual rainfall variability in East Africa during the last ice age
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1203724
– volume: 7
  start-page: 903
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_148
  article-title: Cold tongue/Warm pool and ENSO dynamics in the Pliocene
  publication-title: Clim. Past
  doi: 10.5194/cp-7-903-2011
– volume: 10
  start-page: 3979
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_57
  article-title: The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6–Part 2: Two interglacials, scientific objective and experimental design for Holocene and last interglacial simulations
  publication-title: Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss.
  doi: 10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017
– volume: 27
  start-page: 1223
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_89
  article-title: ENSO in the Mid-Holocene according to CSM and HadCM3
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00251.1
– volume: 30
  start-page: 745
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: ENSO at 6 ka and 21 ka from ocean–atmosphere coupled model simulations
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0320-3
– ident: ref_116
  doi: 10.1029/2009PA001778
– ident: ref_19
– volume: 7
  start-page: 034002
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Improved simulation of two types of El Niño in CMIP5 models
  publication-title: Environ. Res. Lett.
  doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034002
– volume: 344
  start-page: 84
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_144
  article-title: A 12-million-year temperature history of the tropical Pacific Ocean
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1246172
– ident: ref_119
  doi: 10.1002/2014GL060891
– volume: 309
  start-page: 758
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_142
  article-title: Permanent El Niño-like conditions during the Pliocene warm period
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1112596
– volume: 28
  start-page: 9258
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_112
  article-title: Response of the equatorial Pacific seasonal cycle to orbital forcing
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0242.1
– volume: 1
  start-page: 114
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: Interdecadal modulation of El Niño amplitude during the past millennium
  publication-title: Nat. Clim. Chang.
  doi: 10.1038/nclimate1086
– volume: 46
  start-page: 1877
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_121
  article-title: Abrupt intensification of ENSO forced by deglacial ice-sheet retreat in CCSM3
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-015-2681-3
– volume: 429
  start-page: 263
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_137
  article-title: Regional climate shifts caused by gradual global cooling in the Pliocene epoch
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature02567
– ident: ref_123
  doi: 10.1029/2011RG000371
– volume: 350
  start-page: 1537
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_32
  article-title: Dynamical excitation of the tropical Pacific Ocean and ENSO variability by Little Ice Age cooling
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.aac9937
– volume: 51
  start-page: 3807
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_108
  article-title: Equatorward propagation of coupled air-sea disturbances with application to the annual cycle of the eastern tropical Pacific
  publication-title: J. Atmos. Sci.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<3807:EPOCAD>2.0.CO;2
– volume: 27
  start-page: 2265
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: Modeling climate shift of El Nino variability in the Holocene
  publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett.
  doi: 10.1029/2000GL011452
– ident: ref_149
  doi: 10.1029/2006PA001323
– ident: ref_58
  doi: 10.5194/gmd-2016-106
– volume: 326
  start-page: 1256
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_69
  article-title: Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1177303
– volume: 30
  start-page: 19
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_91
  article-title: Modelling mid-Holocene tropical climate and ENSO variability: Towards constraining predictions of future change with palaeo-data
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0270-9
– volume: 515
  start-page: 550
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_61
  article-title: Evolution and forcing mechanisms of El Nino over the past 21,000 years
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature13963
– ident: ref_94
  doi: 10.1029/2003GL018553
– ident: ref_26
  doi: 10.1002/2017PA003089
– volume: 2
  start-page: 267
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: El Niño in a changing climate: A multi-model study
  publication-title: Ocean Sci. Discuss.
– volume: 8
  start-page: 16020
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_95
  article-title: Greening of the Sahara suppressed ENSO activity during the mid-Holocene
  publication-title: Nat. Commun.
  doi: 10.1038/ncomms16020
– volume: 28
  start-page: 911
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_17
  article-title: Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature version 4 (ERSST. v4). Part I: Upgrades and intercomparisons
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00006.1
– volume: 442
  start-page: 61
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: A high-resolution speleothem record of western equatorial Pacific rainfall: Implications for Holocene ENSO evolution
  publication-title: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
  doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.050
– ident: ref_28
  doi: 10.1029/2008PA001701
– volume: 12
  start-page: 663
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_59
  article-title: The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) Phase 2: Scientific objectives and experimental design
  publication-title: Clim. Past
  doi: 10.5194/cp-12-663-2016
– volume: 399
  start-page: 429
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_114
  article-title: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/20859
– volume: 3
  start-page: 822
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_36
  article-title: El Niño modulations over the past seven centuries
  publication-title: Nat. Clim. Chang.
  doi: 10.1038/nclimate1936
– volume: 309
  start-page: 570
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_81
  article-title: Global consequences of land use
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1111772
– volume: 15
  start-page: 1088
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_102
  article-title: A Simple Model Study of ENSO Suppression by External Periodic Forcing
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1088:ASMSOE>2.0.CO;2
– ident: ref_67
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-017-3573-5
– volume: 118
  start-page: 4755
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_84
  article-title: ENSO diversity in the NCAR CCSM4 climate model
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Oceans
  doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20335
– volume: 390
  start-page: 69
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_135
  article-title: Changes in ITCZ location and cross-equatorial heat transport at the Last Glacial Maximum, Heinrich Stadial 1, and the mid-Holocene
  publication-title: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
  doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.043
– volume: 26
  start-page: 549
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_132
  article-title: Future changes of El Niño in two global coupled climate models
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-005-0098-0
– volume: 325
  start-page: 310
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_62
  article-title: Transient simulation of last deglaciation with a new mechanism for Bølling-Allerød warming
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1171041
– volume: 41
  start-page: 6819
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_124
  article-title: ENSO reconstructions over the past 60 ka using giant clams (Tridacna sp.) from Papua New Guinea
  publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett.
  doi: 10.1002/2014GL061446
– volume: Volume 5
  start-page: 741
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_99
  article-title: Evaluation of climate models
  publication-title: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
– ident: ref_7
  doi: 10.1029/2005RG000172
– volume: 39
  start-page: 489
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_138
  article-title: The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.
  doi: 10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431
– volume: 34
  start-page: 993
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: Mid-Holocene El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) attenuation revealed by individual foraminifera in eastern tropical Pacific sediments
  publication-title: Geology
  doi: 10.1130/G22810A.1
– volume: 113
  start-page: 2005
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Exceptionally strong easterly wind burst stalling El Niño of 2014
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1514182113
– volume: 24
  start-page: 2178
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_78
  article-title: The effect of explosive tropical volcanism on ENSO
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3990.1
– volume: 27
  start-page: 5836
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_152
  article-title: Robust ENSO across a wide range of climates
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00759.1
– volume: 30
  start-page: 775
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: ENSO in the CMIP5 simulations: Life cycles, diversity, and responses to climate change
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0901.1
– ident: ref_105
  doi: 10.1029/2006GL027221
– ident: ref_150
  doi: 10.1029/2010PA002097
– volume: 26
  start-page: 1901
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_127
  article-title: Sensitivity to glacial forcing in the CCSM4
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00416.1
– volume: 11
  start-page: 605
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_146
  article-title: Interannual climate variability seen in the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project
  publication-title: Clim. Past
  doi: 10.5194/cp-11-605-2015
– volume: 3
  start-page: 391
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño
  publication-title: Nat. Geosci.
  doi: 10.1038/ngeo868
– volume: 16
  start-page: 436
  year: 1964
  ident: ref_47
  article-title: Stable isotopes in precipitation
  publication-title: Tellus
  doi: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00181.x
– volume: 20
  start-page: 4899
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_129
  article-title: The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI4283.1
– volume: 18
  start-page: 447
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_76
  article-title: Volcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past 1000 years
  publication-title: J. Clim.
  doi: 10.1175/JCLI-3276.1
– volume: 103
  start-page: 14291
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Oceans
  doi: 10.1029/97JC01444
– ident: ref_130
– volume: 4
  start-page: 571
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_60
  article-title: Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP): Experimental design and boundary conditions (experiment 2)
  publication-title: Geosci. Model Dev.
  doi: 10.5194/gmd-4-571-2011
– volume: 3
  start-page: 545
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_71
  article-title: Modeling the climatic effects of large explosive volcanic eruptions
  publication-title: Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang.
  doi: 10.1002/wcc.192
– volume: 2
  start-page: 373
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_113
  article-title: An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada
  publication-title: Dev. Quat. Sci.
– volume: 5
  start-page: 445
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_153
  article-title: Has the problem of a permanent El Nino been resolved for the Mid-Pliocene?
  publication-title: Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett.
  doi: 10.1080/16742834.2012.11447035
– volume: 72
  start-page: 339
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_18
  article-title: TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean
  publication-title: Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
  doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1991)072<0339:TTAMAF>2.0.CO;2
– volume: 28
  start-page: 401
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_125
  article-title: Statistical constraints on El Niño Southern Oscillation reconstructions using individual foraminifera: A sensitivity analysis
  publication-title: Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol.
  doi: 10.1002/palo.20037
– volume: 404
  start-page: 420
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_25
  article-title: El Niño evolution during the Holocene revealed by a biomarker rain gauge in the Galápagos Islands
  publication-title: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
  doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.013
– volume: 43
  start-page: 957
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_97
  article-title: Mid-Holocene tropical Pacific climate state, annual cycle, and ENSO in PMIP2 and PMIP3
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1880-z
– volume: 38
  start-page: 419
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_147
  article-title: Evidence for active El Niño Southern Oscillation variability in the Late Miocene greenhouse climate
  publication-title: Geology
  doi: 10.1130/G30629.1
– volume: 424
  start-page: 271
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_39
  article-title: El Nino/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature01779
– ident: ref_111
  doi: 10.1029/2007GL030302
– volume: 273
  start-page: 1531
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_45
  article-title: Geoarchaeological evidence from Peru for a 5000 years BP onset of El Nino
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.273.5281.1531
– volume: 299
  start-page: 877
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_140
  article-title: Eocene El Nino: Evidence for robust tropical dynamics in the “hothouse”
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1078766
– ident: ref_29
  doi: 10.1029/2012PA002378
– ident: ref_15
– volume: 345
  start-page: 1045
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_42
  article-title: Holocene history of ENSO variance and asymmetry in the eastern tropical Pacific
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1252220
– volume: 48
  start-page: 3725
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_154
  article-title: Influence of seaway changes during the Pliocene on tropical Pacific climate in the Kiel climate model: Mean state, annual cycle, ENSO, and their interactions
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3298-x
– volume: 11
  start-page: 1347
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: Stability of ENSO and its tropical Pacific teleconnections over the Last Millennium
  publication-title: Clim. Past
  doi: 10.5194/cp-11-1347-2015
– volume: 8
  start-page: 15386
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_37
  article-title: Recent enhancement of central Pacific El Nino variability relative to last eight centuries
  publication-title: Nat. Commun.
  doi: 10.1038/ncomms15386
– ident: ref_96
  doi: 10.1029/2011JC007742
– volume: 340
  start-page: 945
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: Annually resolved ice core records of tropical climate variability over the past~1800 years
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1234210
– volume: 103
  start-page: 14261
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_3
  article-title: ENSO theory
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Oceans
  doi: 10.1029/97JC03424
– volume: 283
  start-page: 516
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_46
  article-title: An ~15,000-year record of El Niño-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.283.5401.516
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1609
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_106
  article-title: An ENSO stability analysis. Part II: Results from the twentieth and twenty-first century simulations of the CMIP3 models
  publication-title: Clim. Dyn.
  doi: 10.1007/s00382-010-0872-5
SSID ssj0000493234
Score 2.3209531
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet The Earth has seen El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)—the leading mode of interannual climate variability—for at least millennia and likely over millions of...
The Earth has seen El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-the leading mode of interannual climate variability-for at least millennia and likely over millions of...
SourceID doaj
swepub
proquest
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
StartPage 130
SubjectTerms Climate
Climate change
Climate model
Climate models
Climate Research
Climate Science
Climate variability
Computer simulation
Data
Earth
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
El Nino
El Nino phenomena
El Nino-Southern Oscillation event
ENSO
Evolution
Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap
Geovetenskap och relaterad miljövetenskap
Glacial periods
Global warming
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases
Ice ages
Ice sheets
Interglacial periods
Klimatforskning
Klimatvetenskap
Natural Sciences
Naturvetenskap
Ocean currents
open climate campaign
Oxygen
Oxygen isotopes
Paleoclimate
Proxy data
Records
Simulation
Southern Oscillation
Statistical methods
Variability
Volcanic gases
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Na9wwEBVlT7mU5qPUzTbokPRSzNqSZUvHzbIhFJLmkEDoRYwlmW5w1st-_LD8hv6xjCxv8EJDcuhBYJtBMjNI856Q3hByygqZ5oVhMTeliDNu0lgiOsKASCQfhUqd9JeTr67zy7vs572475X68mfCgjxwcNzISMctSGv8PQaoAEqpgCHQkKAkzk2_-mLO65Gph4B7OeNZOOnOkdePYP3YrFTi6USyk4Naqf5dfNnXDG3zzMUn8rEDiHQcfmyffHDzAxJdIbZtlu0WOP1OJ_UMgWb7dkhGYxo2-GlT0Rtc7xs6ren17O9TE7cF8txyTn9hpqvDsbcjcncxvZ1cxl0ZhNgIxdaxr10OrEIexpgs8wykqAy6XmF6BvAK81Y4ZyCpGBju0rJKwDovy2OFYS7ln8lg3szdF0IVM0mhpENbkdkCILEAvGDCWJvLPI3Ij61jtOk0wn2pilojV_Bu1H03RuTsxXoRtDFesTv3Pn6x8YrW7QeMs-7irN-Kc0SG2wjpbpqtNMMBpJJCsohMQ9R2Rqk3C2wlNr1y2kKBHnVMIyvjOnOl0CU-aq9Pbmzmlf9ERH7_o59AhXSnv_Sn62_R21h9V-df_4cjjskegrZwLzIZksF6uXHfEBity5N2DjwDADwPSw
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
Title A Review of Paleo El Niño-Southern Oscillation
URI https://www.proquest.com/docview/2040898582
https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/da7c59e2-5503-4eb5-b550-9ae9cd486655
oai:portal.research.lu.se:publications/da7c59e2-5503-4eb5-b550-9ae9cd486655
https://doaj.org/article/c8e3da8dc2424afaab89a20548a98dde
Volume 9
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1Na9wwEBVtcukl9JO4TYIObS_FxJYse3QKSdgQCtmG0kDoRYwluQ246-3u5of1N-SPZWRrt7uQhh4MthEynpFH742lN4y9FxXkZWVFKm2t0kLaPAVCR-QQIPJR6dxD2Jx8MS7Pr4rP1-o6JtzmcVnlMib2gdp1NuTIiaQXGWhQII6mv9NQNSr8XY0lNJ6ybQrBQORr-2Q0vvy6yrIQ_pVCFsOKd0n8_hAXv7q5zgKtyDbmol6yfxNnrmuH9vPN2XO2E4EiPx48-4I98ZOXLLkgjNvN-lQ4_8hP2xsCnP3VK3Z4zIdEP-8afklxv-Ojlo9v7v50aV8oz88m_AvNeO2w_O01uzobfTs9T2M5hNQqLRZpqGGOoiE-JgTUZYGgGksu0DRNIwaleae8t5g1Aq30ed1k6HyQ53HKCp_LN2xr0k38LuNa2KzS4KmtKlyFmDlEWQllnSuhzBP2aWkYY6NWeChZ0RriDMGMZt2MCfuwaj0dNDL-0e4k2HjVJihb9ze62Q8TPxRjwUuH4GzYt4INYg0aBQFLQA0UixO2t_SQiZ_b3PwdHAkbDV7beEp7O6WjpsPMvXFYkUW9MMTOpCl8rUxNpybolFtXBAVAlbDvD_QzUCITdZh-xv6mawnW_-r87ePv8I49I1g27HzM9tjWYnbr9wn6LOqDOL4P-tTBPSV0B5U
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3LbtQwFL0q0wVsKiggUgr1grJBURM7TuwFQm2Zako7Q4VaqWJjHNuBSmEyzEyF-CkkvoEf4zqPYUYCxKYLS0lkOfL1457jx7kAz2gm4jQzNGQm52HCTBwKREfYIALJRyZjJ_zl5OEoHVwkby755Rp87-7C-GOV3ZxYT9S2Mn6NHEl6EgkpuKCvJl9CHzXK7652ITSabnHivn1FyjZ7efwa23eX0qP--eEgbKMKhIZLOg99KHBNC6Q1lIo8TbTghcGaSPR2WnvBdsudMzoqqDbMxXkRaeu8yo3lhrqYYbm3YD1hSGV6sH7QH529W6zqIN5mlCXNCXvGZLSn55-rmYw8jYlWfF8dImAV1y5rldb-7egubLTAlOw3PekerLnxJgRDxNTVtF56J8_JYXmFALd-uw97-6TZWCBVQc7Qz1SkX5LR1c8fVVgH5nPTMXmLHrZsjts9gIsbMdRD6I2rsXsERFITZVI4zMsTm2kdWa1ZRrmxNhVpHMCLzjDKtNrkPkRGqZCjeDOqZTMGsLvIPWk0Of6S78DbeJHHK2nXH6rpR9UOTGWEY1YLa_w9GV1onQupKQJZoaXAuT-A7a6FVDu8Z-p3Zwyg37Tayl_K6wmmHJOaOWV1hhZ1VCEbZCpxOVc5Piqvi25s4hUHeQDv_1BOQ8FUq_v0qS1vsrSg-1-Fb_27Djtwe3A-PFWnx6OTx3AHIWFz6zLaht58eu2eIOya50_bvk7gw00Pr186m0R7
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3LbtQwFL0qUwmxQZSHCBTwgrJB0Th2nDgLhPqYUUvpMEJUqtgYx3ZKpTAZZqZCfBZbtvxYr_MYZiRAbLqwlESWI18_7jl-nAvwnKUySlLDQm5yEcbcRKFEdIQNIpF8pFnkpL-cfDJKDk_jN2fibAN-dndh_LHKbk6sJ2pbGb9GjiQ9pjKTQrJ-0R6LGB8MX0-_hj6ClN9p7cJpNF3k2H3_hvRt_uroANt6h7Hh4MP-YdhGGAiNyNgi9GHBNSuQ4jAm8yTWUhQGa5Wh59Pai7db4ZzRtGDacBflBdXWecUbKwxzEcdyb8BmiqyI9mBzbzAav1-u8CD25ozHzWl7zjPa14sv1TyjntLQNT9YhwtYx7iruqW1rxvegdstSCW7Ta_agg03uQvBCeLralYvw5MXZL-8QLBbv92D_i5pNhlIVZAx-pyKDEoyuvj1owrrIH1uNiHv0NuWzdG7-3B6LYZ6AL1JNXEPgWTM0DSTDvOK2KZaU6s1T5kw1iYyiQJ42RlGmVan3IfLKBXyFW9GtWrGAHaWuaeNPsdf8u15Gy_zeFXt-kM1O1ftIFVGOm61tMbfmdGF1rnMNENQK3Um0Q8EsN21kGqH-lz97pgBDJpWW_tLeTnFlGNSc6esTtGijilkhlzFLhcqx0flNdKNjb36oAjg4x_KaeiYajWgPrflTVcWd_-r8Ef_rsMzuInDSr09Gh0_hluIDpsLmHQbeovZpXuCCGyRP227OoFP1z26rgAAFkiw
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+review+of+paleo+El+Ni%C3%B1o-Southern+Oscillation&rft.jtitle=Atmosphere&rft.au=Lu%2C+Zhengyao&rft.au=Liu%2C+Zhengyu&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jiang&rft.au=Cobb%2C+Kim+M.&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft.issn=2073-4433&rft.eissn=2073-4433&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fatmos9040130&rft.externalDocID=oai_lup_lub_lu_se_da7c59e2_5503_4eb5_b550_9ae9cd486655
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2073-4433&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2073-4433&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2073-4433&client=summon