Basic mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury and treatment via electrical stimulation
Previous studies on the mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) have mainly focused on the pathophysiological changes within a single injury site. However, recent studies have indicated that within the central nervous system, PNI can lead to changes in both injury sites and target organs at the...
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Abstract | Previous studies on the mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) have mainly focused on the pathophysiological changes within a single injury site. However, recent studies have indicated that within the central nervous system, PNI can lead to changes in both injury sites and target organs at the cellular and molecular levels. Therefore, the basic mechanisms of PNI have not been comprehensively understood. Although electrical stimulation was found to promote axonal regeneration and functional rehabilitation after PNI, as well as to alleviate neuropathic pain, the specific mechanisms of successful PNI treatment are unclear. We summarize and discuss the basic mechanisms of PNI and of treatment via electrical stimulation. After PNI, activity in the central nervous system (spinal cord) is altered, which can limit regeneration of the damaged nerve. For example, cell apoptosis and synaptic stripping in the anterior horn of the spinal cord can reduce the speed of nerve regeneration. The pathological changes in the posterior horn of the spinal cord can modulate sensory abnormalities after PNI. This can be observed in cases of ectopic discharge of the dorsal root ganglion leading to increased pain signal transmission. The injured site of the peripheral nerve is also an important factor affecting post-PNI repair. After PNI, the proximal end of the injured site sends out axial buds to innervate both the skin and muscle at the injury site. A slow speed of axon regeneration leads to low nerve regeneration. Therefore, it can take a long time for the proximal nerve to reinnervate the skin and muscle at the injured site. From the perspective of target organs, long-term denervation can cause atrophy of the corresponding skeletal muscle, which leads to abnormal sensory perception and hyperalgesia, and finally, the loss of target organ function. The mechanisms underlying the use of electrical stimulation to treat PNI include the inhibition of synaptic stripping, addressing the excessive excitability of the dorsal root ganglion, alleviating neuropathic pain, improving neurological function, and accelerating nerve regeneration. Electrical stimulation of target organs can reduce the atrophy of denervated skeletal muscle and promote the recovery of sensory function. Findings from the included studies confirm that after PNI, a series of physiological and pathological changes occur in the spinal cord, injury site, and target organs, leading to dysfunction. Electrical stimulation may address the pathophysiological changes mentioned above, thus promoting nerve regeneration and ameliorating dysfunction. |
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AbstractList | Previous studies on the mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) have mainly focused on the pathophysiological changes within a single injury site. However, recent studies have indicated that within the central nervous system, PNI can lead to changes in both injury sites and target organs at the cellular and molecular levels. Therefore, the basic mechanisms of PNI have not been comprehensively understood. Although electrical stimulation was found to promote axonal regeneration and functional rehabilitation after PNI, as well as to alleviate neuropathic pain, the specific mechanisms of successful PNI treatment are unclear. We summarize and discuss the basic mechanisms of PNI and of treatment via electrical stimulation. After PNI, activity in the central nervous system (spinal cord) is altered, which can limit regeneration of the damaged nerve. For example, cell apoptosis and synaptic stripping in the anterior horn of the spinal cord can reduce the speed of nerve regeneration. The pathological changes in the posterior horn of the spinal cord can modulate sensory abnormalities after PNI. This can be observed in cases of ectopic discharge of the dorsal root ganglion leading to increased pain signal transmission. The injured site of the peripheral nerve is also an important factor affecting post-PNI repair. After PNI, the proximal end of the injured site sends out axial buds to innervate both the skin and muscle at the injury site. A slow speed of axon regeneration leads to low nerve regeneration. Therefore, it can take a long time for the proximal nerve to reinnervate the skin and muscle at the injured site. From the perspective of target organs, long-term denervation can cause atrophy of the corresponding skeletal muscle, which leads to abnormal sensory perception and hyperalgesia, and finally, the loss of target organ function. The mechanisms underlying the use of electrical stimulation to treat PNI include the inhibition of synaptic stripping, addressing the excessive excitability of the dorsal root ganglion, alleviating neuropathic pain, improving neurological function, and accelerating nerve regeneration. Electrical stimulation of target organs can reduce the atrophy of denervated skeletal muscle and promote the recovery of sensory function. Findings from the included studies confirm that after PNI, a series of physiological and pathological changes occur in the spinal cord, injury site, and target organs, leading to dysfunction. Electrical stimulation may address the pathophysiological changes mentioned above, thus promoting nerve regeneration and ameliorating dysfunction. |
Author | Chu, Xiao-Lei Li, Qi Song, Xi-Zi Li, Yu-Ru Ming, Dong He, Feng Gu, Xiao-Song |
AuthorAffiliation | Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China;Department of Rehabilitation,Tianjin Hospital,Tianjin,China%Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China%College of Exercise&Health Sciences,Tianjin University of Sport,Tianjin,China%College of Precision Instruments&Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China%Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China;College of Precision Instruments&Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China;Department of Rehabilitation,Tianjin Hospital,Tianjin,China%Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China%College of Exercise&Health Sciences,Tianjin University of Sport,Tianjin,China%College of Precision Instruments&Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China%Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China;College of Precision Instruments&Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin,China – name: 3 College of Exercise & Health Sciences, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China – name: 1 Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China – name: 4 College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China – name: 2 Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xiao-Lei surname: Chu fullname: Chu, Xiao-Lei organization: Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University; Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin – sequence: 2 givenname: Xi-Zi surname: Song fullname: Song, Xi-Zi organization: Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin – sequence: 3 givenname: Qi surname: Li fullname: Li, Qi organization: Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University; Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin – sequence: 4 givenname: Yu-Ru surname: Li fullname: Li, Yu-Ru organization: College of Exercise & Health Sciences, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin – sequence: 5 givenname: Feng surname: He fullname: He, Feng organization: College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin – sequence: 6 givenname: Xiao-Song surname: Gu fullname: Gu, Xiao-Song organization: Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin – sequence: 7 givenname: Dong surname: Ming fullname: Ming, Dong organization: Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine; College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35259827$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | electrical stimulation neuropathic pain dorsal horn stimulation axonal transport dorsal root ganglion stimulation nerve regeneration peripheral nerve injury brain-derived neurotrophic factor spinal cord dorsal stimulation |
Language | English |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 These authors contributed equally to this work. Author contributions: QL, YRL and DM conceived and designed this manuscript. XLC and XZS wrote the manuscript. FH and XSG critically revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of this manuscript for publication. |
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SecondaryResourceType | review_article |
Snippet | Previous studies on the mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) have mainly focused on the pathophysiological changes within a single injury site. However,... |
SourceID | doaj pubmedcentral wanfang proquest crossref pubmed wolterskluwer |
SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Publisher |
StartPage | 2185 |
SubjectTerms | axonal transport; brain-derived neurotrophic factor; dorsal horn stimulation; dorsal root ganglion stimulation; electrical stimulation; nerve regeneration; neuropathic pain; peripheral nerve injury; spinal cord dorsal stimulation Hyperalgesia Musculoskeletal system Nervous system Pain Review Spinal cord |
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Title | Basic mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury and treatment via electrical stimulation |
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