Age-associated insolubility of parkin in human midbrain is linked to redox balance and sequestration of reactive dopamine metabolites
The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines participate in redox reactions and that these are reflected in its posttranslational modifications. We found that in post mortem human brain, inc...
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| Published in | Acta neuropathologica Vol. 141; no. 5; pp. 725 - 754 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
01.05.2021
Springer Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines participate in redox reactions and that these are reflected in its posttranslational modifications. We found that in
post mortem
human brain, including in the
Substantia nigra
, parkin is largely insoluble after age 40 years; this transition is linked to its oxidation, such as at residues Cys95 and Cys253. In mice, oxidative stress induces posttranslational modifications of parkin cysteines that lower its solubility in vivo. Similarly, oxidation of recombinant parkin by hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) promotes its insolubility and aggregate formation, and in exchange leads to the reduction of H
2
O
2
. This thiol-based redox activity is diminished by parkin point mutants, e.g., p.C431F and p.G328E. In
prkn-
null mice, H
2
O
2
levels are increased under oxidative stress conditions, such as acutely by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxin exposure or chronically due to a second, genetic hit; H
2
O
2
levels are also significantly increased in parkin-deficient human brain. In dopamine toxicity studies, wild-type parkin, but not disease-linked mutants, protects human dopaminergic cells, in part through lowering H
2
O
2
. Parkin also neutralizes reactive, electrophilic dopamine metabolites via adduct formation, which occurs foremost at the primate-specific residue Cys95. Further, wild-type but not p.C95A-mutant parkin augments melanin formation in vitro. By probing sections of adult, human midbrain from control individuals with epitope-mapped, monoclonal antibodies, we found specific and robust parkin reactivity that co-localizes with neuromelanin pigment, frequently within LAMP-3/CD63
+
lysosomes. We conclude that oxidative modifications of parkin cysteines are associated with protective outcomes, which include the reduction of H
2
O
2
, conjugation of reactive dopamine metabolites, sequestration of radicals within insoluble aggregates, and increased melanin formation. The loss of these complementary redox effects may augment oxidative stress during ageing in dopamine-producing cells of mutant
PRKN
allele carriers, thereby enhancing the risk of Parkinson’s-linked neurodegeneration. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines participate in redox reactions and that these are reflected in its posttranslational modifications. We found that in
post mortem
human brain, including in the
Substantia nigra
, parkin is largely insoluble after age 40 years; this transition is linked to its oxidation, such as at residues Cys95 and Cys253. In mice, oxidative stress induces posttranslational modifications of parkin cysteines that lower its solubility in vivo. Similarly, oxidation of recombinant parkin by hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) promotes its insolubility and aggregate formation, and in exchange leads to the reduction of H
2
O
2
. This thiol-based redox activity is diminished by parkin point mutants, e.g., p.C431F and p.G328E. In
prkn-
null mice, H
2
O
2
levels are increased under oxidative stress conditions, such as acutely by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxin exposure or chronically due to a second, genetic hit; H
2
O
2
levels are also significantly increased in parkin-deficient human brain. In dopamine toxicity studies, wild-type parkin, but not disease-linked mutants, protects human dopaminergic cells, in part through lowering H
2
O
2
. Parkin also neutralizes reactive, electrophilic dopamine metabolites via adduct formation, which occurs foremost at the primate-specific residue Cys95. Further, wild-type but not p.C95A-mutant parkin augments melanin formation in vitro. By probing sections of adult, human midbrain from control individuals with epitope-mapped, monoclonal antibodies, we found specific and robust parkin reactivity that co-localizes with neuromelanin pigment, frequently within LAMP-3/CD63
+
lysosomes. We conclude that oxidative modifications of parkin cysteines are associated with protective outcomes, which include the reduction of H
2
O
2
, conjugation of reactive dopamine metabolites, sequestration of radicals within insoluble aggregates, and increased melanin formation. The loss of these complementary redox effects may augment oxidative stress during ageing in dopamine-producing cells of mutant
PRKN
allele carriers, thereby enhancing the risk of Parkinson’s-linked neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines participate in redox reactions and that these are reflected in its posttranslational modifications. We found that in post mortem human brain, including in the Substantia nigra, parkin is largely insoluble after age 40 years; this transition is linked to its oxidation, such as at residues Cys95 and Cys253. In mice, oxidative stress induces posttranslational modifications of parkin cysteines that lower its solubility in vivo. Similarly, oxidation of recombinant parkin by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promotes its insolubility and aggregate formation, and in exchange leads to the reduction of H2O2. This thiol-based redox activity is diminished by parkin point mutants, e.g., p.C431F and p.G328E. In prkn-null mice, H2O2 levels are increased under oxidative stress conditions, such as acutely by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxin exposure or chronically due to a second, genetic hit; H2O2 levels are also significantly increased in parkin-deficient human brain. In dopamine toxicity studies, wild-type parkin, but not disease-linked mutants, protects human dopaminergic cells, in part through lowering H2O2. Parkin also neutralizes reactive, electrophilic dopamine metabolites via adduct formation, which occurs foremost at the primate-specific residue Cys95. Further, wild-type but not p.C95A-mutant parkin augments melanin formation in vitro. By probing sections of adult, human midbrain from control individuals with epitope-mapped, monoclonal antibodies, we found specific and robust parkin reactivity that co-localizes with neuromelanin pigment, frequently within LAMP-3/CD63+ lysosomes. We conclude that oxidative modifications of parkin cysteines are associated with protective outcomes, which include the reduction of H2O2, conjugation of reactive dopamine metabolites, sequestration of radicals within insoluble aggregates, and increased melanin formation. The loss of these complementary redox effects may augment oxidative stress during ageing in dopamine-producing cells of mutant PRKN allele carriers, thereby enhancing the risk of Parkinson’s-linked neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines participate in redox reactions and that these are reflected in its posttranslational modifications. We found that in post mortem human brain, including in the Substantia nigra, parkin is largely insoluble after age 40 years; this transition is linked to its oxidation, such as at residues Cys95 and Cys253. In mice, oxidative stress induces posttranslational modifications of parkin cysteines that lower its solubility in vivo. Similarly, oxidation of recombinant parkin by hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) promotes its insolubility and aggregate formation, and in exchange leads to the reduction of H.sub.2O.sub.2. This thiol-based redox activity is diminished by parkin point mutants, e.g., p.C431F and p.G328E. In prkn-null mice, H.sub.2O.sub.2 levels are increased under oxidative stress conditions, such as acutely by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxin exposure or chronically due to a second, genetic hit; H.sub.2O.sub.2 levels are also significantly increased in parkin-deficient human brain. In dopamine toxicity studies, wild-type parkin, but not disease-linked mutants, protects human dopaminergic cells, in part through lowering H.sub.2O.sub.2. Parkin also neutralizes reactive, electrophilic dopamine metabolites via adduct formation, which occurs foremost at the primate-specific residue Cys95. Further, wild-type but not p.C95A-mutant parkin augments melanin formation in vitro. By probing sections of adult, human midbrain from control individuals with epitope-mapped, monoclonal antibodies, we found specific and robust parkin reactivity that co-localizes with neuromelanin pigment, frequently within LAMP-3/CD63.sup.+ lysosomes. We conclude that oxidative modifications of parkin cysteines are associated with protective outcomes, which include the reduction of H.sub.2O.sub.2, conjugation of reactive dopamine metabolites, sequestration of radicals within insoluble aggregates, and increased melanin formation. The loss of these complementary redox effects may augment oxidative stress during ageing in dopamine-producing cells of mutant PRKN allele carriers, thereby enhancing the risk of Parkinson's-linked neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines participate in redox reactions and that these are reflected in its posttranslational modifications. We found that in post mortem human brain, including in the Substantia nigra, parkin is largely insoluble after age 40 years; this transition is linked to its oxidation, such as at residues Cys95 and Cys253. In mice, oxidative stress induces posttranslational modifications of parkin cysteines that lower its solubility in vivo. Similarly, oxidation of recombinant parkin by hydrogen peroxide (H O ) promotes its insolubility and aggregate formation, and in exchange leads to the reduction of H O . This thiol-based redox activity is diminished by parkin point mutants, e.g., p.C431F and p.G328E. In prkn-null mice, H O levels are increased under oxidative stress conditions, such as acutely by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxin exposure or chronically due to a second, genetic hit; H O levels are also significantly increased in parkin-deficient human brain. In dopamine toxicity studies, wild-type parkin, but not disease-linked mutants, protects human dopaminergic cells, in part through lowering H O . Parkin also neutralizes reactive, electrophilic dopamine metabolites via adduct formation, which occurs foremost at the primate-specific residue Cys95. Further, wild-type but not p.C95A-mutant parkin augments melanin formation in vitro. By probing sections of adult, human midbrain from control individuals with epitope-mapped, monoclonal antibodies, we found specific and robust parkin reactivity that co-localizes with neuromelanin pigment, frequently within LAMP-3/CD63 lysosomes. We conclude that oxidative modifications of parkin cysteines are associated with protective outcomes, which include the reduction of H O , conjugation of reactive dopamine metabolites, sequestration of radicals within insoluble aggregates, and increased melanin formation. The loss of these complementary redox effects may augment oxidative stress during ageing in dopamine-producing cells of mutant PRKN allele carriers, thereby enhancing the risk of Parkinson's-linked neurodegeneration. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Tokarew, Jacqueline M. Lengacher, Nathalie A. Puente, Lawrence Shaw, Gary S. Khan, Jasmine M. Tomlinson, Julianna J. O’Nuallain, Brian Nguyen, Angela P. Sengupta, Rajib Zecca, Luigi Wang, Liqun Jiang, Qiubo Jin, Ming Taylor, Peggy El-Kodsi, Daniel N. Callaghan, Steve Prat, Alexandre Schlossmacher, Michael G. Tran, An Chan, Jennifer A. Dong, Xiajun Tsai, Eve C. Im, Doo Soon Barber, Kathryn R. Woulfe, John M. Fehr, Travis K. Li, Juan Zandee, Stephanie Zhang, Mei Scherzer, Clemens R. Takanashi, Masashi Toth, Gergely Shutinoski, Bojan Park, David S. West, Andrew B. Ng, Andy C. H. Hattori, Nobutaka Holmgren, Arne |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jacqueline M. surname: Tokarew fullname: Tokarew, Jacqueline M. organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa – sequence: 2 givenname: Daniel N. surname: El-Kodsi fullname: El-Kodsi, Daniel N. organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa – sequence: 3 givenname: Nathalie A. surname: Lengacher fullname: Lengacher, Nathalie A. organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa – sequence: 4 givenname: Travis K. surname: Fehr fullname: Fehr, Travis K. organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa – sequence: 5 givenname: Angela P. surname: Nguyen fullname: Nguyen, Angela P. organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute – sequence: 6 givenname: Bojan surname: Shutinoski fullname: Shutinoski, Bojan organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute – sequence: 7 givenname: Brian surname: O’Nuallain fullname: O’Nuallain, Brian organization: BioLegend Inc – sequence: 8 givenname: Ming surname: Jin fullname: Jin, Ming organization: BioLegend Inc – sequence: 9 givenname: Jasmine M. surname: Khan fullname: Khan, Jasmine M. organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute – sequence: 10 givenname: Andy C. H. surname: Ng fullname: Ng, Andy C. H. organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute – sequence: 11 givenname: Juan surname: Li fullname: Li, Juan organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute – sequence: 12 givenname: Qiubo surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Qiubo organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute – sequence: 13 givenname: Mei surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Mei organization: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital – sequence: 14 givenname: Liqun surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Liqun organization: BioLegend Inc – sequence: 15 givenname: Rajib surname: Sengupta fullname: Sengupta, Rajib organization: Department of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University – sequence: 16 givenname: Kathryn R. surname: Barber fullname: Barber, Kathryn R. organization: Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario – sequence: 17 givenname: An surname: Tran fullname: Tran, An organization: Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario – sequence: 18 givenname: Doo Soon surname: Im fullname: Im, Doo Soon organization: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary – sequence: 19 givenname: Steve surname: Callaghan fullname: Callaghan, Steve organization: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa – sequence: 20 givenname: David S. surname: Park fullname: Park, David S. organization: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary – sequence: 21 givenname: Stephanie surname: Zandee fullname: Zandee, Stephanie organization: Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal – sequence: 22 givenname: Xiajun surname: Dong fullname: Dong, Xiajun organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital – sequence: 23 givenname: Clemens R. surname: Scherzer fullname: Scherzer, Clemens R. organization: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital – sequence: 24 givenname: Alexandre surname: Prat fullname: Prat, Alexandre organization: Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal – sequence: 25 givenname: Eve C. surname: Tsai fullname: Tsai, Eve C. organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital – sequence: 26 givenname: Masashi surname: Takanashi fullname: Takanashi, Masashi organization: Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine – sequence: 27 givenname: Nobutaka surname: Hattori fullname: Hattori, Nobutaka organization: Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine – sequence: 28 givenname: Jennifer A. surname: Chan fullname: Chan, Jennifer A. organization: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary – sequence: 29 givenname: Luigi surname: Zecca fullname: Zecca, Luigi organization: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council – sequence: 30 givenname: Andrew B. surname: West fullname: West, Andrew B. organization: Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University – sequence: 31 givenname: Arne surname: Holmgren fullname: Holmgren, Arne organization: Department of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute – sequence: 32 givenname: Lawrence surname: Puente fullname: Puente, Lawrence organization: Proteomics Core Facility, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute – sequence: 33 givenname: Gary S. surname: Shaw fullname: Shaw, Gary S. organization: Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario – sequence: 34 givenname: Gergely surname: Toth fullname: Toth, Gergely organization: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences – sequence: 35 givenname: John M. surname: Woulfe fullname: Woulfe, John M. organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital – sequence: 36 givenname: Peggy surname: Taylor fullname: Taylor, Peggy organization: BioLegend Inc – sequence: 37 givenname: Julianna J. surname: Tomlinson fullname: Tomlinson, Julianna J. email: jtomlinson@ohri.ca organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute – sequence: 38 givenname: Michael G. orcidid: 0000-0002-0394-0300 surname: Schlossmacher fullname: Schlossmacher, Michael G. email: mschlossmacher@toh.ca organization: Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33694021$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed http://kipublications.ki.se/Default.aspx?queryparsed=id:146148171$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index |
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| Issue | 5 |
| Keywords | Parkinsonism Dopamine metabolism gene Anti-oxidant Young-onset Parkinson disease Redox chemistry Neuromelanin Parkin PRKN/PARK2 gene |
| Language | English |
| License | Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
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| PublicationSubtitle | Pathology and Mechanisms of Neurological Disease |
| PublicationTitle | Acta neuropathologica |
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| Snippet | The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aging Brain Brain diseases CD63 antigen Dopamine Dopamine receptors Epitopes Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Free radicals (Chemistry) Hydrogen peroxide Lysosomes Medicin och hälsovetenskap Medicine Medicine & Public Health Melanin Mesencephalon Metabolites Monoclonal antibodies Movement disorders MPTP Mutants Neurodegeneration Neurodegenerative diseases Neurosciences Original Paper Oxidation Oxidative stress Parkin protein Parkinson's disease Pathology Phenols Redox reactions Substantia nigra Toxicity |
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| Title | Age-associated insolubility of parkin in human midbrain is linked to redox balance and sequestration of reactive dopamine metabolites |
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