Survival Strategies of Duckweeds, the World’s Smallest Angiosperms

Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants that grow on or just below the surface of quiet waters. They consist primarily of leaf-like assimilatory organs, or fronds, that reproduce mainly by vegetative replication. Despite their diminutive size and inornate habit, duc...

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Published inPlants (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 11; p. 2215
Main Authors Ziegler, Paul, Appenroth, Klaus J., Sree, K. Sowjanya
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 03.06.2023
MDPI
Subjects
abiotic stress
Analysis
Angiosperms
Aquatic plants
Araceae
biotic stress
climate
Cloning
cold
DNA methylation
Drought
Duckweed
Epigenetics
Floating plants
Fronds
Growing season
Growth
Herbivores
High temperature
juveniles
Lemnaceae
Light intensity
Luminous intensity
Microorganisms
Morphology
Physiology
Plant defenses
Replication
Review
Survival
turion
Germany
India
Lemnaceae
biotic stress
abiotic stress
duckweed
turion
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Abstract Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants that grow on or just below the surface of quiet waters. They consist primarily of leaf-like assimilatory organs, or fronds, that reproduce mainly by vegetative replication. Despite their diminutive size and inornate habit, duckweeds have been able to colonize and maintain themselves in almost all of the world’s climate zones. They are thereby subject to multiple adverse influences during the growing season, such as high temperatures, extremes of light intensity and pH, nutrient shortage, damage by microorganisms and herbivores, the presence of harmful substances in the water, and competition from other aquatic plants, and they must also be able to withstand winter cold and drought that can be lethal to the fronds. This review discusses the means by which duckweeds come to grips with these adverse influences to ensure their survival. Important duckweed attributes in this regard are a pronounced potential for rapid growth and frond replication, a juvenile developmental status facilitating adventitious organ formation, and clonal diversity. Duckweeds have specific features at their disposal for coping with particular environmental difficulties and can also cooperate with other organisms of their surroundings to improve their survival chances.
AbstractList Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants that grow on or just below the surface of quiet waters. They consist primarily of leaf-like assimilatory organs, or fronds, that reproduce mainly by vegetative replication. Despite their diminutive size and inornate habit, duckweeds have been able to colonize and maintain themselves in almost all of the world's climate zones. They are thereby subject to multiple adverse influences during the growing season, such as high temperatures, extremes of light intensity and pH, nutrient shortage, damage by microorganisms and herbivores, the presence of harmful substances in the water, and competition from other aquatic plants, and they must also be able to withstand winter cold and drought that can be lethal to the fronds. This review discusses the means by which duckweeds come to grips with these adverse influences to ensure their survival. Important duckweed attributes in this regard are a pronounced potential for rapid growth and frond replication, a juvenile developmental status facilitating adventitious organ formation, and clonal diversity. Duckweeds have specific features at their disposal for coping with particular environmental difficulties and can also cooperate with other organisms of their surroundings to improve their survival chances.
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants that grow on or just below the surface of quiet waters. They consist primarily of leaf-like assimilatory organs, or fronds, that reproduce mainly by vegetative replication. Despite their diminutive size and inornate habit, duckweeds have been able to colonize and maintain themselves in almost all of the world's climate zones. They are thereby subject to multiple adverse influences during the growing season, such as high temperatures, extremes of light intensity and pH, nutrient shortage, damage by microorganisms and herbivores, the presence of harmful substances in the water, and competition from other aquatic plants, and they must also be able to withstand winter cold and drought that can be lethal to the fronds. This review discusses the means by which duckweeds come to grips with these adverse influences to ensure their survival. Important duckweed attributes in this regard are a pronounced potential for rapid growth and frond replication, a juvenile developmental status facilitating adventitious organ formation, and clonal diversity. Duckweeds have specific features at their disposal for coping with particular environmental difficulties and can also cooperate with other organisms of their surroundings to improve their survival chances.Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants that grow on or just below the surface of quiet waters. They consist primarily of leaf-like assimilatory organs, or fronds, that reproduce mainly by vegetative replication. Despite their diminutive size and inornate habit, duckweeds have been able to colonize and maintain themselves in almost all of the world's climate zones. They are thereby subject to multiple adverse influences during the growing season, such as high temperatures, extremes of light intensity and pH, nutrient shortage, damage by microorganisms and herbivores, the presence of harmful substances in the water, and competition from other aquatic plants, and they must also be able to withstand winter cold and drought that can be lethal to the fronds. This review discusses the means by which duckweeds come to grips with these adverse influences to ensure their survival. Important duckweed attributes in this regard are a pronounced potential for rapid growth and frond replication, a juvenile developmental status facilitating adventitious organ formation, and clonal diversity. Duckweeds have specific features at their disposal for coping with particular environmental difficulties and can also cooperate with other organisms of their surroundings to improve their survival chances.
Audience Academic
Author Appenroth, Klaus J.
Ziegler, Paul
Sree, K. Sowjanya
AuthorAffiliation 3 Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
2 Matthias Schleiden Institute—Plant Physiology, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; klaus.appenroth@uni-jena.de
1 Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; paul.ziegler@uni-bayreuth.de
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 3 Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
– name: 2 Matthias Schleiden Institute—Plant Physiology, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; klaus.appenroth@uni-jena.de
– name: 1 Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; paul.ziegler@uni-bayreuth.de
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Paul
  surname: Ziegler
  fullname: Ziegler, Paul
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Klaus J.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6385-6645
  surname: Appenroth
  fullname: Appenroth, Klaus J.
– sequence: 3
  givenname: K. Sowjanya
  surname: Sree
  fullname: Sree, K. Sowjanya
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37299193$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 11
Keywords Lemnaceae
biotic stress
abiotic stress
duckweed
turion
Language English
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Snippet Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants that grow on or just below the surface of quiet waters. They consist primarily of...
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StartPage 2215
SubjectTerms abiotic stress
Analysis
Angiosperms
Aquatic plants
Araceae
biotic stress
climate
Cloning
cold
DNA methylation
Drought
Duckweed
Epigenetics
Floating plants
Fronds
Growing season
Growth
Herbivores
High temperature
juveniles
Lemnaceae
Light intensity
Luminous intensity
Microorganisms
Morphology
Physiology
Plant defenses
Replication
Review
Survival
turion
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Title Survival Strategies of Duckweeds, the World’s Smallest Angiosperms
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Volume 12
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