Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent

Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( Z e ) given at these radar locations...

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Published inScientific reports Vol. 11; no. 1; p. 3355
Main Authors Sindhu, Kapil Dev, Bhat, G. S.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 08.02.2021
Nature Publishing Group
Nature Portfolio
Subjects
704/106
704/106/35
Convective precipitation
Humanities and Social Sciences
Life cycles
Monsoons
multidisciplinary
Precipitation
Radar
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Seasons
Statistical analysis
Storms
Weather forecasting
Wind
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Abstract Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( Z e ) given at these radar locations. It is observed that the lifetime, speed of propagation, area, volume, echo top height and thickness lie in ranges 0.3–3 h, 5–60 km h - 1 , 4–184 km 2 , 8–1600 km 3 , 2–14 km, and 0.5–16 km respectively. For both seasons, the relationships between radar estimated rain volume (RERV; range 10 4 – 10 7 m 3 ) and area-time integral (ATI; range 1–100 km 2 h) are established which are considered as a representative of total precipitation resulted from an individual storm during its life cycle. The results from statistical analysis of RERV-ATI pairs suggest that storms at Lucknow have similar seasonal characteristics at 87% confidence interval while other locations exhibit dissimilarities. In addition, the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRRs) of storms are constructed at their life phases, namely cumulus, mature and dissipation. It is concluded that the vertical Z e gradient in mixed-phase region (5–8 km) is lower (2–2.9 dBZ km - 1 ) at cumulus and dissipation phases than at mature phase (3.6–4.4 dBZ km - 1 ) in monsoon season. For pre-monsoon season, this gradient lies between 3.3–5.2 dBZ km - 1 at mature phase. Our results are of great importance for advancing knowledge about storm-scale, which has implications in short-range weather forecasting as well as developing new convective parametrization schemes.
AbstractList Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor (Ze) given at these radar locations. It is observed that the lifetime, speed of propagation, area, volume, echo top height and thickness lie in ranges 0.3–3 h, 5–60 km h-1, 4–184 km2, 8–1600 km3, 2–14 km, and 0.5–16 km respectively. For both seasons, the relationships between radar estimated rain volume (RERV; range 104–107m3) and area-time integral (ATI; range 1–100 km2 h) are established which are considered as a representative of total precipitation resulted from an individual storm during its life cycle. The results from statistical analysis of RERV-ATI pairs suggest that storms at Lucknow have similar seasonal characteristics at 87% confidence interval while other locations exhibit dissimilarities. In addition, the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRRs) of storms are constructed at their life phases, namely cumulus, mature and dissipation. It is concluded that the vertical Ze gradient in mixed-phase region (5–8 km) is lower (2–2.9 dBZ km-1) at cumulus and dissipation phases than at mature phase (3.6–4.4 dBZ km-1) in monsoon season. For pre-monsoon season, this gradient lies between 3.3–5.2 dBZ km-1 at mature phase. Our results are of great importance for advancing knowledge about storm-scale, which has implications in short-range weather forecasting as well as developing new convective parametrization schemes.
Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {Z}_e$$\end{document} Z e ) given at these radar locations. It is observed that the lifetime, speed of propagation, area, volume, echo top height and thickness lie in ranges 0.3–3 h, 5–60 km \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {h}^{-1}$$\end{document} h - 1 , 4–184 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {km}^2$$\end{document} km 2 , 8–1600 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {km}^3$$\end{document} km 3 , 2–14 km, and 0.5–16 km respectively. For both seasons, the relationships between radar estimated rain volume (RERV; range \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$10^4$$\end{document} 10 4 – \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$10^7$$\end{document} 10 7 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {m}^3$$\end{document} m 3 ) and area-time integral (ATI; range 1–100 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {km}^2$$\end{document} km 2 h) are established which are considered as a representative of total precipitation resulted from an individual storm during its life cycle. The results from statistical analysis of RERV-ATI pairs suggest that storms at Lucknow have similar seasonal characteristics at 87% confidence interval while other locations exhibit dissimilarities. In addition, the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRRs) of storms are constructed at their life phases, namely cumulus, mature and dissipation. It is concluded that the vertical \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {Z}_e$$\end{document} Z e gradient in mixed-phase region (5–8 km) is lower (2–2.9 dBZ \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$\end{document} km - 1 ) at cumulus and dissipation phases than at mature phase (3.6–4.4 dBZ \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$\end{document} km - 1 ) in monsoon season. For pre-monsoon season, this gradient lies between 3.3–5.2 dBZ \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$\end{document} km - 1 at mature phase. Our results are of great importance for advancing knowledge about storm-scale, which has implications in short-range weather forecasting as well as developing new convective parametrization schemes.
Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( Z e ) given at these radar locations. It is observed that the lifetime, speed of propagation, area, volume, echo top height and thickness lie in ranges 0.3–3 h, 5–60 km h - 1 , 4–184 km 2 , 8–1600 km 3 , 2–14 km, and 0.5–16 km respectively. For both seasons, the relationships between radar estimated rain volume (RERV; range 10 4 – 10 7 m 3 ) and area-time integral (ATI; range 1–100 km 2 h) are established which are considered as a representative of total precipitation resulted from an individual storm during its life cycle. The results from statistical analysis of RERV-ATI pairs suggest that storms at Lucknow have similar seasonal characteristics at 87% confidence interval while other locations exhibit dissimilarities. In addition, the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRRs) of storms are constructed at their life phases, namely cumulus, mature and dissipation. It is concluded that the vertical Z e gradient in mixed-phase region (5–8 km) is lower (2–2.9 dBZ km - 1 ) at cumulus and dissipation phases than at mature phase (3.6–4.4 dBZ km - 1 ) in monsoon season. For pre-monsoon season, this gradient lies between 3.3–5.2 dBZ km - 1 at mature phase. Our results are of great importance for advancing knowledge about storm-scale, which has implications in short-range weather forecasting as well as developing new convective parametrization schemes.
Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ([Formula: see text]) given at these radar locations. It is observed that the lifetime, speed of propagation, area, volume, echo top height and thickness lie in ranges 0.3-3 h, 5-60 km [Formula: see text], 4-184 [Formula: see text], 8-1600 [Formula: see text], 2-14 km, and 0.5-16 km respectively. For both seasons, the relationships between radar estimated rain volume (RERV; range [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]) and area-time integral (ATI; range 1-100 [Formula: see text] h) are established which are considered as a representative of total precipitation resulted from an individual storm during its life cycle. The results from statistical analysis of RERV-ATI pairs suggest that storms at Lucknow have similar seasonal characteristics at 87% confidence interval while other locations exhibit dissimilarities. In addition, the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRRs) of storms are constructed at their life phases, namely cumulus, mature and dissipation. It is concluded that the vertical [Formula: see text] gradient in mixed-phase region (5-8 km) is lower (2-2.9 dBZ [Formula: see text]) at cumulus and dissipation phases than at mature phase (3.6-4.4 dBZ [Formula: see text]) in monsoon season. For pre-monsoon season, this gradient lies between 3.3-5.2 dBZ [Formula: see text] at mature phase. Our results are of great importance for advancing knowledge about storm-scale, which has implications in short-range weather forecasting as well as developing new convective parametrization schemes.
Abstract Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( $$\hbox {Z}_e$$ Z e ) given at these radar locations. It is observed that the lifetime, speed of propagation, area, volume, echo top height and thickness lie in ranges 0.3–3 h, 5–60 km $$\hbox {h}^{-1}$$ h - 1 , 4–184 $$\hbox {km}^2$$ km 2 , 8–1600 $$\hbox {km}^3$$ km 3 , 2–14 km, and 0.5–16 km respectively. For both seasons, the relationships between radar estimated rain volume (RERV; range $$10^4$$ 10 4 – $$10^7$$ 10 7 $$\hbox {m}^3$$ m 3 ) and area-time integral (ATI; range 1–100 $$\hbox {km}^2$$ km 2 h) are established which are considered as a representative of total precipitation resulted from an individual storm during its life cycle. The results from statistical analysis of RERV-ATI pairs suggest that storms at Lucknow have similar seasonal characteristics at 87% confidence interval while other locations exhibit dissimilarities. In addition, the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRRs) of storms are constructed at their life phases, namely cumulus, mature and dissipation. It is concluded that the vertical $$\hbox {Z}_e$$ Z e gradient in mixed-phase region (5–8 km) is lower (2–2.9 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 ) at cumulus and dissipation phases than at mature phase (3.6–4.4 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 ) in monsoon season. For pre-monsoon season, this gradient lies between 3.3–5.2 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 at mature phase. Our results are of great importance for advancing knowledge about storm-scale, which has implications in short-range weather forecasting as well as developing new convective parametrization schemes.
Abstract Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( $$\hbox {Z}_e$$ Z e ) given at these radar locations. It is observed that the lifetime, speed of propagation, area, volume, echo top height and thickness lie in ranges 0.3–3 h, 5–60 km $$\hbox {h}^{-1}$$ h - 1 , 4–184 $$\hbox {km}^2$$ km 2 , 8–1600 $$\hbox {km}^3$$ km 3 , 2–14 km, and 0.5–16 km respectively. For both seasons, the relationships between radar estimated rain volume (RERV; range $$10^4$$ 10 4 – $$10^7$$ 10 7 $$\hbox {m}^3$$ m 3 ) and area-time integral (ATI; range 1–100 $$\hbox {km}^2$$ km 2 h) are established which are considered as a representative of total precipitation resulted from an individual storm during its life cycle. The results from statistical analysis of RERV-ATI pairs suggest that storms at Lucknow have similar seasonal characteristics at 87% confidence interval while other locations exhibit dissimilarities. In addition, the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRRs) of storms are constructed at their life phases, namely cumulus, mature and dissipation. It is concluded that the vertical $$\hbox {Z}_e$$ Z e gradient in mixed-phase region (5–8 km) is lower (2–2.9 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 ) at cumulus and dissipation phases than at mature phase (3.6–4.4 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 ) in monsoon season. For pre-monsoon season, this gradient lies between 3.3–5.2 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 at mature phase. Our results are of great importance for advancing knowledge about storm-scale, which has implications in short-range weather forecasting as well as developing new convective parametrization schemes.
ArticleNumber 3355
Author Sindhu, Kapil Dev
Bhat, G. S.
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Snippet Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms...
Abstract Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics...
Abstract Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics...
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SubjectTerms 704/106
704/106/35
Convective precipitation
Humanities and Social Sciences
Life cycles
Monsoons
multidisciplinary
Precipitation
Radar
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Seasons
Statistical analysis
Storms
Weather forecasting
Wind
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Title Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-021-82237-w
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33558617
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2487165269
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2487749148
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7870931
https://doaj.org/article/8320be1eb4634c429c31f82f59f677c2
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