Quantified activity pattern data from 6 to 27-month-old farmworker children for use in exposure assessment
This study was conducted to describe exposure prone behaviors of infants and toddlers in the farmworker community. Analysis of hand and mouth contact frequencies and durations aids understanding of how children interact with their environment and are exposed via contact with surfaces. All 23 partici...
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Published in | Environmental research Vol. 108; no. 2; pp. 239 - 246 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Amsterdam
Elsevier Inc
01.10.2008
Elsevier |
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Abstract | This study was conducted to describe exposure prone behaviors of infants and toddlers in the farmworker community. Analysis of hand and mouth contact frequencies and durations aids understanding of how children interact with their environment and are exposed via contact with surfaces. All 23 participating children (8 female infants, 5 male infants, 5 female toddlers and 5 male toddlers) lived with at least one farmworker. Children were videotaped at home for 2–6
h. Video footage was translated into micro-level activity time series (MLATS) for both hands and the mouth. MLATS were processed to calculate hourly duration in microenvironments, contact frequency, hourly contact duration and median contact duration. The median hourly duration spent indoors was 53
min/h. The median hand-to-mouth frequency was 15.2
events/h and the median object-to-mouth frequency was 27.2
events/h. The hourly mouthing duration was 1.2 and 2.2
min/h with the hands and objects, respectively. The median mouthing duration with hands and objects was 2
s. The median contact frequency for both hands combined was 689.4
events/h with an hourly contact duration of 100.5
min/h and a median contact duration of 3
s. Infants had higher mouthing frequencies with non-dietary objects while toddlers had higher mouthing frequencies with objects associated with pica (i.e., paper). Boys had higher contact frequencies while girls had longer contact durations. These sub-group differences indicate factors such as age and gender should be accounted for when conducting exposure assessments. Contact frequencies in this study are higher than current US EPA recommendations, questioning their protective value for infants and toddlers. |
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AbstractList | This study was conducted to describe exposure prone behaviors of infants and toddlers in the farmworker community. Analysis of hand and mouth contact frequencies and durations aids understanding of how children interact with their environment and are exposed via contact with surfaces. All 23 participating children (8 female infants, 5 male infants, 5 female toddlers and 5 male toddlers) lived with at least one farmworker. Children were videotaped at home for 2-6 h. Video footage was translated into micro-level activity time series (MLATS) for both hands and the mouth. MLATS were processed to calculate hourly duration in microenvironments, contact frequency, hourly contact duration and median contact duration. The median hourly duration spent indoors was 53 min/h. The median hand-to-mouth frequency was 15.2 events/h and the median object-to-mouth frequency was 27.2 events/h. The hourly mouthing duration was 1.2 and 2.2 min/h with the hands and objects, respectively. The median mouthing duration with hands and objects was 2 s. The median contact frequency for both hands combined was 689.4 events/h with an hourly contact duration of 100.5 min/h and a median contact duration of 3s. Infants had higher mouthing frequencies with non-dietary objects while toddlers had higher mouthing frequencies with objects associated with pica (i.e., paper). Boys had higher contact frequencies while girls had longer contact durations. These sub-group differences indicate factors such as age and gender should be accounted for when conducting exposure assessments. Contact frequencies in this study are higher than current US EPA recommendations, questioning their protective value for infants and toddlers. This study was conducted to describe exposure prone behaviors of infants and toddlers in the farmworker community. Analysis of hand and mouth contact frequencies and durations aids understanding of how children interact with their environment and are exposed via contact with surfaces. All 23 participating children (8 female infants, 5 male infants, 5 female toddlers and 5 male toddlers) lived with at least one farmworker. Children were videotaped at home for 2-6h. Video footage was translated into micro-level activity time series (MLATS) for both hands and the mouth. MLATS were processed to calculate hourly duration in microenvironments, contact frequency, hourly contact duration and median contact duration. The median hourly duration spent indoors was 53min/h. The median hand-to-mouth frequency was 15.2events/h and the median object-to-mouth frequency was 27.2events/h. The hourly mouthing duration was 1.2 and 2.2min/h with the hands and objects, respectively. The median mouthing duration with hands and objects was 2s. The median contact frequency for both hands combined was 689.4events/h with an hourly contact duration of 100.5min/h and a median contact duration of 3s. Infants had higher mouthing frequencies with non-dietary objects while toddlers had higher mouthing frequencies with objects associated with pica (i.e., paper). Boys had higher contact frequencies while girls had longer contact durations. These sub-group differences indicate factors such as age and gender should be accounted for when conducting exposure assessments. Contact frequencies in this study are higher than current US EPA recommendations, questioning their protective value for infants and toddlers. This study was conducted to describe exposure prone behaviors of infants and toddlers in the farmworker community. Analysis of hand and mouth contact frequencies and durations aids understanding of how children interact with their environment and are exposed via contact with surfaces. All 23 participating children (8 female infants, 5 male infants, 5 female toddlers and 5 male toddlers) lived with at least one farmworker. Children were videotaped at home for 2–6 hours. Video footage was translated into micro- level activity time series (MLATS) for both hands and the mouth. MLATS were processed to calculate hourly duration in microenvironments, contact frequency, hourly contact duration and median contact duration. The median hourly duration spent indoors was 53 min/hr. The median hand-to-mouth frequency was 15.2 events/hr and the median object-to-mouth frequency was 27.2 events/hr. The hourly mouthing duration was 1.2 and 2.2 min/hr with the hands and objects respectively. The median mouthing duration with hands and objects was 2 seconds. The median contact frequency for both hands combined was 689.4 events/hr with an hourly contact duration of 100.5 min/hr and a median contact duration of 3 seconds. Infants had higher mouthing frequencies with non-dietary objects while toddlers had higher mouthing frequencies with objects associated with pica (i.e., paper). Boys had higher contact frequencies while girls had longer contact durations. These sub-group differences indicate factors such as age and gender should be accounted for when conducting exposure assessments. Contact frequencies in this study are higher than current U.S. EPA recommendations, questioning their protective value for infants and toddlers. This study was conducted to describe exposure prone behaviors of infants and toddlers in the farmworker community. Analysis of hand and mouth contact frequencies and durations aids understanding of how children interact with their environment and are exposed via contact with surfaces. All 23 participating children (8 female infants, 5 male infants, 5 female toddlers and 5 male toddlers) lived with at least one farmworker. Children were videotaped at home for 2–6 h. Video footage was translated into micro-level activity time series (MLATS) for both hands and the mouth. MLATS were processed to calculate hourly duration in microenvironments, contact frequency, hourly contact duration and median contact duration. The median hourly duration spent indoors was 53 min/h. The median hand-to-mouth frequency was 15.2 events/h and the median object-to-mouth frequency was 27.2 events/h. The hourly mouthing duration was 1.2 and 2.2 min/h with the hands and objects, respectively. The median mouthing duration with hands and objects was 2 s. The median contact frequency for both hands combined was 689.4 events/h with an hourly contact duration of 100.5 min/h and a median contact duration of 3 s. Infants had higher mouthing frequencies with non-dietary objects while toddlers had higher mouthing frequencies with objects associated with pica (i.e., paper). Boys had higher contact frequencies while girls had longer contact durations. These sub-group differences indicate factors such as age and gender should be accounted for when conducting exposure assessments. Contact frequencies in this study are higher than current US EPA recommendations, questioning their protective value for infants and toddlers. |
Author | Canales, Robert A. Auyeung, Willa Beamer, Paloma Key, Maya E. Ferguson, Alesia C. Leckie, James O. |
AuthorAffiliation | a Community, Environment and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA c College of Public Health, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA b Exposure Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: a Community, Environment and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA – name: c College of Public Health, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA – name: b Exposure Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Paloma surname: Beamer fullname: Beamer, Paloma email: pbeamer@email.arizona.edu organization: Community, Environment and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, AZ, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Maya E. surname: Key fullname: Key, Maya E. organization: Exposure Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Alesia C. surname: Ferguson fullname: Ferguson, Alesia C. organization: College of Public Health, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Robert A. surname: Canales fullname: Canales, Robert A. organization: Exposure Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Willa surname: Auyeung fullname: Auyeung, Willa organization: Exposure Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: James O. surname: Leckie fullname: Leckie, James O. organization: Exposure Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA |
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Keywords | Dermal exposure Pesticide exposure Mouthing behavior Non-dietary ingestion exposure Video translation Activity patterns Human Observational study Pesticides Oral administration Infant Exposure Eating disorder Video recording Feeding Ingestion Percutaneous route Pica Behavior Farmer Child Public health Topical administration |
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Snippet | This study was conducted to describe exposure prone behaviors of infants and toddlers in the farmworker community. Analysis of hand and mouth contact... |
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SubjectTerms | Activity patterns Agriculture Biological and medical sciences Child Behavior Child, Preschool Dermal exposure Environmental Exposure - analysis Environmental Monitoring - methods Environmental Pollution - analysis Female Humans Infant Infant Behavior Male Medical sciences Mouthing behavior Non-dietary ingestion exposure Pesticide exposure Pesticides - analysis Pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals toxicology Pilot Projects Surveys and Questionnaires Time Factors Toxicology Video translation Videotape Recording |
Title | Quantified activity pattern data from 6 to 27-month-old farmworker children for use in exposure assessment |
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