Gestational diabetes is associated with high energy and saturated fat intakes and with low plasma visfatin and adiponectin levels independent of prepregnancy BMI
Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to i...
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| Published in | European journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 67; no. 2; pp. 196 - 201 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
01.02.2013
Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Background/Objectives:
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to identify new risk factors for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to body weight at prepregnancy.
Subjects/Methods:
All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women’s Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM (
n
=531) and GDM (
n
=215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23 kg/m
2
at 24–28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined.
Results:
GDM women gained more weight in early pregnancy than non-GDM among normal-weight women. GDM was mainly associated with increased insulin resistance in overweight women and decreased insulin secretory capacity in normal-weight women. Plasma visfatin and adiponectin were lower and progesterone levels higher in GDM than non-GDM independent of BMI while plasma resistin levels were higher in non-GDM, but not GDM, overweight women. Energy and saturated fat intakes were higher in GDM independent of body weight, whereas taurine intakes were lower in GDM than non-GDM only in normal-weight women.
Conclusions:
Low visfatin and adiponectin and high progesterone levels in the circulation and high energy and saturated fat intakes were common risk factors for GDM and pregnancy outcome such as large for gestational age. Daily reference intakes for energy and fat during pregnancy need to be re-evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to identify new risk factors for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to body weight at prepregnancy. SUBJECTS/METHODS: All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM (n = 531) and GDM (n = 215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23 kg/m2 at 24-28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for b-cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined. RESULTS: GDM women gained more weight in early pregnancy than non-GDM among normal-weight women. GDM was mainly associated with increased insulin resistance in overweight women and decreased insulin secretory capacity in normal-weight women. Plasma visfatin and adiponectin were lower and progesterone levels higher in GDM than non-GDM independent of BMI while plasma resistin levels were higher in non-GDM, but not GDM, overweight women. Energy and saturated fat intakes were higher in GDM independent of body weight, whereas taurine intakes were lower in GDM than non-GDM only in normal-weight women. CONCLUSIONS: Low visfatin and adiponectin and high progesterone levels in the circulation and high energy and saturated fat intakes were common risk factors for GDM and pregnancy outcome such as large for gestational age. Daily reference intakes for energy and fat during pregnancy need to be re-evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.207 Keywords: gestational diabetes; weight gain; BMI; adipokines; prolactin; progesterone SUBJECTS/METHODS: All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM (n = 531) and GDM (n = 215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23 kg/m2 at 24-28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for b-cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.207 Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to identify new risk factors for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to body weight at prepregnancy. Subjects/Methods: All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM (n=531) and GDM (n=215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23kg/m(2) at 24-28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined. Results: GDM women gained more weight in early pregnancy than non-GDM among normal-weight women. GDM was mainly associated with increased insulin resistance in overweight women and decreased insulin secretory capacity in normal-weight women. Plasma visfatin and adiponectin were lower and progesterone levels higher in GDM than non-GDM independent of BMI while plasma resistin levels were higher in non-GDM, but not GDM, overweight women. Energy and saturated fat intakes were higher in GDM independent of body weight, whereas taurine intakes were lower in GDM than non-GDM only in normal-weight women. Conclusions: Low visfatin and adiponectin and high progesterone levels in the circulation and high energy and saturated fat intakes were common risk factors for GDM and pregnancy outcome such as large for gestational age. Daily reference intakes for energy and fat during pregnancy need to be re-evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to identify new risk factors for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to body weight at prepregnancy.BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to identify new risk factors for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to body weight at prepregnancy.All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM (n=531) and GDM (n=215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23 kg/m(2) at 24-28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined.SUBJECTS/METHODSAll subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM (n=531) and GDM (n=215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23 kg/m(2) at 24-28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined.GDM women gained more weight in early pregnancy than non-GDM among normal-weight women. GDM was mainly associated with increased insulin resistance in overweight women and decreased insulin secretory capacity in normal-weight women. Plasma visfatin and adiponectin were lower and progesterone levels higher in GDM than non-GDM independent of BMI while plasma resistin levels were higher in non-GDM, but not GDM, overweight women. Energy and saturated fat intakes were higher in GDM independent of body weight, whereas taurine intakes were lower in GDM than non-GDM only in normal-weight women.RESULTSGDM women gained more weight in early pregnancy than non-GDM among normal-weight women. GDM was mainly associated with increased insulin resistance in overweight women and decreased insulin secretory capacity in normal-weight women. Plasma visfatin and adiponectin were lower and progesterone levels higher in GDM than non-GDM independent of BMI while plasma resistin levels were higher in non-GDM, but not GDM, overweight women. Energy and saturated fat intakes were higher in GDM independent of body weight, whereas taurine intakes were lower in GDM than non-GDM only in normal-weight women.Low visfatin and adiponectin and high progesterone levels in the circulation and high energy and saturated fat intakes were common risk factors for GDM and pregnancy outcome such as large for gestational age. Daily reference intakes for energy and fat during pregnancy need to be re-evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI.CONCLUSIONSLow visfatin and adiponectin and high progesterone levels in the circulation and high energy and saturated fat intakes were common risk factors for GDM and pregnancy outcome such as large for gestational age. Daily reference intakes for energy and fat during pregnancy need to be re-evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI. Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to identify new risk factors for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to body weight at prepregnancy. Subjects/Methods: All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women’s Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM ( n =531) and GDM ( n =215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23 kg/m 2 at 24–28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined. Results: GDM women gained more weight in early pregnancy than non-GDM among normal-weight women. GDM was mainly associated with increased insulin resistance in overweight women and decreased insulin secretory capacity in normal-weight women. Plasma visfatin and adiponectin were lower and progesterone levels higher in GDM than non-GDM independent of BMI while plasma resistin levels were higher in non-GDM, but not GDM, overweight women. Energy and saturated fat intakes were higher in GDM independent of body weight, whereas taurine intakes were lower in GDM than non-GDM only in normal-weight women. Conclusions: Low visfatin and adiponectin and high progesterone levels in the circulation and high energy and saturated fat intakes were common risk factors for GDM and pregnancy outcome such as large for gestational age. Daily reference intakes for energy and fat during pregnancy need to be re-evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to identify new risk factors for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to body weight at prepregnancy. All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM (n=531) and GDM (n=215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23 kg/m(2) at 24-28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined. GDM women gained more weight in early pregnancy than non-GDM among normal-weight women. GDM was mainly associated with increased insulin resistance in overweight women and decreased insulin secretory capacity in normal-weight women. Plasma visfatin and adiponectin were lower and progesterone levels higher in GDM than non-GDM independent of BMI while plasma resistin levels were higher in non-GDM, but not GDM, overweight women. Energy and saturated fat intakes were higher in GDM independent of body weight, whereas taurine intakes were lower in GDM than non-GDM only in normal-weight women. Low visfatin and adiponectin and high progesterone levels in the circulation and high energy and saturated fat intakes were common risk factors for GDM and pregnancy outcome such as large for gestational age. Daily reference intakes for energy and fat during pregnancy need to be re-evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI. Background/Objectives:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to identify new risk factors for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to body weight at prepregnancy.Subjects/Methods:All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women’s Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM (n=531) and GDM (n=215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23 kg/m2 at 24–28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined.Results:GDM women gained more weight in early pregnancy than non-GDM among normal-weight women. GDM was mainly associated with increased insulin resistance in overweight women and decreased insulin secretory capacity in normal-weight women. Plasma visfatin and adiponectin were lower and progesterone levels higher in GDM than non-GDM independent of BMI while plasma resistin levels were higher in non-GDM, but not GDM, overweight women. Energy and saturated fat intakes were higher in GDM independent of body weight, whereas taurine intakes were lower in GDM than non-GDM only in normal-weight women.Conclusions:Low visfatin and adiponectin and high progesterone levels in the circulation and high energy and saturated fat intakes were common risk factors for GDM and pregnancy outcome such as large for gestational age. Daily reference intakes for energy and fat during pregnancy need to be re-evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI. Background/ Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma adipokines and/or gestational hormones might be linked to GDM development among pregnant Korean women. This study sought to identify new risk factors for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to body weight at prepregnancy.Subjects/ Methods: All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM (n=531) and GDM (n=215) participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) above or below 23 kg/m super(2) at 24-28th week of gestation. At that time, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, insulin secretory capacity as homeostatic model assessment for beta -cell function, anthropometric measurement, nutrient intakes, and plasma levels of adipokines and gestational hormones were determined. Results: GDM women gained more weight in early pregnancy than non-GDM among normal-weight women. GDM was mainly associated with increased insulin resistance in overweight women and decreased insulin secretory capacity in normal-weight women. Plasma visfatin and adiponectin were lower and progesterone levels higher in GDM than non-GDM independent of BMI while plasma resistin levels were higher in non-GDM, but not GDM, overweight women. Energy and saturated fat intakes were higher in GDM independent of body weight, whereas taurine intakes were lower in GDM than non-GDM only in normal-weight women. Conclusions: Low visfatin and adiponectin and high progesterone levels in the circulation and high energy and saturated fat intakes were common risk factors for GDM and pregnancy outcome such as large for gestational age. Daily reference intakes for energy and fat during pregnancy need to be re-evaluated according to prepregnancy BMI. |
| Audience | Professional Academic |
| Author | Baik, S H Kim, M-Y Park, S Daily, J W Park, Y-M Yang, J-H Woo, J-T Kwon, Y J Kim, S-H |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: S surname: Park fullname: Park, S organization: Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University – sequence: 2 givenname: M-Y surname: Kim fullname: Kim, M-Y organization: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cheil General Hospital and Women’s Healthcare Center, Kwandong University College of Medicine – sequence: 3 givenname: S H surname: Baik fullname: Baik, S H organization: Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine – sequence: 4 givenname: J-T surname: Woo fullname: Woo, J-T organization: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine – sequence: 5 givenname: Y J surname: Kwon fullname: Kwon, Y J organization: Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University – sequence: 6 givenname: J W surname: Daily fullname: Daily, J W organization: Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University – sequence: 7 givenname: Y-M surname: Park fullname: Park, Y-M organization: Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine – sequence: 8 givenname: J-H surname: Yang fullname: Yang, J-H organization: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cheil General Hospital and Women’s Healthcare Center, Kwandong University College of Medicine – sequence: 9 givenname: S-H surname: Kim fullname: Kim, S-H email: hoonie.kim@cgh.co.kr organization: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cheil General Hospital & Women’s Healthcare Center, Kwandong University College of Medicine |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
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| DOI | 10.1038/ejcn.2012.207 |
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| Keywords | adipokines prolactin gestational diabetes weight gain progesterone BMI Energy input Lipids Metabolic diseases Adipokine Saturated fat Weight gain Ovarian hormone Progestagen Adiponectin Blood plasma Body mass index Association Adenohypophyseal hormone Saturated fatty acid Prolactin Gestational diabetes Progesterone Sex steroid hormone |
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| References | Carpenter, Coustan (CR9) 1982; 144 Revollo, Körner, Mills, Satoh, Wang, Garten (CR22) 2007; 6 Hedderson, Williams, Holt, Weiss, Ferrara (CR1) 2008; 198 Volpe, Di Cianni, Lencioni, Cuccuru, Benzi, Del Prato (CR5) 2007; 30 Salmenhaara, Uusitalo, Uusitalo, Kronberg-kippilä, Sinkko, Ahonen (CR15) 2010; 64 Song, Manson, Tinker, Howard, Kuller, Nathan (CR23) 2007; 30 Coustan, Nelson, Carpenter, Carr, Rotondo, Widness (CR2) 1989; 73 de Kreutzenberg, Ceolotto, Papparella, Bortoluzzi, Semplicini, Dalla (CR18) 2010; 59 Park, Park, Daily, Kim (CR3) 2011; 27 Saddi-Rosa, Oliveira, Giuffrida, Reis (CR7) 2010; 2 Qiao, Shao (CR20) 2006; 281 Brănişteanu, Mathieu (CR10) 2003; 14 (CR13) 2004; 363 CR12 Donath, Böni-Schnetzler, Ellingsgaard, Ehses (CR6) 2009; 24 Hirose, Yamamoto, Seino-Yoshihara, Kawabe, Saito (CR8) 2010; 17 Lee, Choi, Kim, Chung, Lee, Lee (CR14) 2006; 21 Arumugam, Horowitz, Lu, Collier, Ronnebaum, Fleenor (CR16) 2008; 149 Thompson, Subar (CR24) 2008 Matthews, Hosker, Rudenski, Naylor, Treacher, Turner (CR11) 1985; 28 Park, Kim, Daily, Kim (CR17) 2011; 27 Chan, Malik, Jia, Kadowaki, Yajnik, Yoon (CR4) 2009; 301 Ramachandran, Roy, Garg, Ghosh, Pathak, Kolthur-Seetharam (CR21) 2011; 278 Milne, Lambert, Schenk, Carney, Smith, Gagne (CR19) 2007; 450 DR Coustan (BFejcn2012207_CR2) 1989; 73 L Volpe (BFejcn2012207_CR5) 2007; 30 P Saddi-Rosa (BFejcn2012207_CR7) 2010; 2 DR Matthews (BFejcn2012207_CR11) 1985; 28 MW Carpenter (BFejcn2012207_CR9) 1982; 144 BFejcn2012207_CR12 SV de Kreutzenberg (BFejcn2012207_CR18) 2010; 59 L Qiao (BFejcn2012207_CR20) 2006; 281 S Park (BFejcn2012207_CR3) 2011; 27 D Ramachandran (BFejcn2012207_CR21) 2011; 278 Y Song (BFejcn2012207_CR23) 2007; 30 H Hirose (BFejcn2012207_CR8) 2010; 17 M Salmenhaara (BFejcn2012207_CR15) 2010; 64 S Park (BFejcn2012207_CR17) 2011; 27 JC Chan (BFejcn2012207_CR4) 2009; 301 FE Thompson (BFejcn2012207_CR24) 2008 MY Donath (BFejcn2012207_CR6) 2009; 24 MM Hedderson (BFejcn2012207_CR1) 2008; 198 S Lee (BFejcn2012207_CR14) 2006; 21 DD Brănişteanu (BFejcn2012207_CR10) 2003; 14 JC Milne (BFejcn2012207_CR19) 2007; 450 R Arumugam (BFejcn2012207_CR16) 2008; 149 JR Revollo (BFejcn2012207_CR22) 2007; 6 WHO Expert Consultation (BFejcn2012207_CR13) 2004; 363 |
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ident: CR21 article-title: Sirt1 and mir-9 expression is regulated during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic β-islets publication-title: FEBS J doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08042.x – volume: 14 start-page: 54 year: 2003 end-page: 56 ident: CR10 article-title: Progesterone in gestational diabetes mellitus: guilty or not guilty? publication-title: Trends Endocrinol Metab doi: 10.1016/S1043-2760(03)00003-1 – volume: 21 start-page: 695 year: 2006 end-page: 700 ident: CR14 article-title: Cutoff values of surrogate measures of insulin resistance for metabolic syndrome in Korean non-diabetic adults publication-title: J Korean Med Sci doi: 10.3346/jkms.2006.21.4.695 – volume: 17 start-page: 1201 year: 2010 ident: BFejcn2012207_CR8 publication-title: J Atheroscler Thromb doi: 10.5551/jat.6106 – volume: 144 start-page: 769 year: 1982 ident: BFejcn2012207_CR9 publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90349-0 – volume-title: Nutrition in the Prevention and 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10.3346/jkms.2006.21.4.695 – volume: 6 start-page: 363 year: 2007 ident: BFejcn2012207_CR22 publication-title: Cell Metab doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.09.003 – volume: 73 start-page: 557 year: 1989 ident: BFejcn2012207_CR2 publication-title: Obstet Gynecol – volume: 27 start-page: 564 year: 2011 ident: BFejcn2012207_CR17 publication-title: Diabetes Metab Res Rev doi: 10.1002/dmrr.1215 – volume: 363 start-page: 157 year: 2004 ident: BFejcn2012207_CR13 publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3 – volume: 59 start-page: 1006 year: 2010 ident: BFejcn2012207_CR18 publication-title: Diabetes doi: 10.2337/db09-1187 |
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient... Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient intakes, plasma... BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient... SUBJECTS/METHODS: All subjects were pregnant women visiting the Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Non-GDM... Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient... Background/Objectives:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient... Background/ Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk factors are well established for Caucasians, but not for Asians. We hypothesized that nutrient... |
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| SubjectTerms | 631/45/776/1174 692/499 692/699/2743/137/1926 692/700/1750/1747 Adiponectin Adiponectin - blood Asian people Beta cells Biological and medical sciences Body Mass Index Body size Body weight Clinical Nutrition Development and progression Diabetes Diabetes in pregnancy Diabetes mellitus Diabetes, Gestational - blood Diabetes, Gestational - etiology Diet - adverse effects Dietary Fats - adverse effects Energy Energy Intake Epidemiology Fat Fatty Acids - adverse effects Feeding. Feeding behavior Female Food consumption Food intake Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gestational age Gestational diabetes Glucose tolerance Health aspects Health care Hormones Humans Insulin Insulin - metabolism Insulin Resistance Insulin Secretion Internal Medicine Medical sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic Diseases Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase - blood Nutrients original-article Overweight Physiological aspects Plasma Plasma levels Pregnancy Progesterone Progesterone - blood Public Health Reference Values Risk analysis Risk Factors Taurine Taurine - pharmacology Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems Weight Gain |
| Title | Gestational diabetes is associated with high energy and saturated fat intakes and with low plasma visfatin and adiponectin levels independent of prepregnancy BMI |
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