Daily Activity Patterns and Co-Occurrence of Duikers Revealed by an Intensive Camera Trap Survey across Central African Rainforests
The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, an...
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| Published in | Animals (Basel) Vol. 10; no. 12; p. 2200 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article Web Resource |
| Language | English |
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Switzerland
MDPI AG
24.11.2020
MDPI |
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| Abstract | The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster, and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C.callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C.castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C.silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ^≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (plt > 0.05 and pgt > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgt < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C.callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations. |
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| AbstractList | The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster, and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C.callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C.castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C.silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ^≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (pₗₜ > 0.05 and pgₜ > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgₜ < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C.callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations. The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster, and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C.callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C.castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C.silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ^≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (plt > 0.05 and pgt > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgt < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C.callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations.The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster, and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C.callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C.castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C.silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ^≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (plt > 0.05 and pgt > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgt < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C.callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations. The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster, and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C.callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C.castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C.silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped ( Δ ^ ≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped ( Δ ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (plt > 0.05 and pgt > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgt < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C.callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations. The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C. callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C. castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C. silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ ≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (plt > 0.05 and pgt > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgt < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C. callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations. The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: , and (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: and (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: . Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ^≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence ( > 0.05 and > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence ( < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by with the other species (except ). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species ( and ), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations. Simple SummaryForest duikers are one of the most important groups of mammals in Central African rainforests and over the whole Guineo-Congolian Region. To better understand the mechanisms of habitat use and sharing among duiker species, we quantified duiker activity, temporal and spatial interactions. Data were collected using camera traps over five years, in 12 sites scattered in four countries: Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Gabon. We found that duikers usually have two main peaks of activity, which are mostly dependent on sunrise and/or sunset. In addition, analyses of temporal interactions (for five species) identified four species pairs with strong interactions and six pairs with weak interactions. Spatial interaction tests revealed no competitive habitat use among species. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the ecology of duikers in Central African rainforests, in order to improve their conservation and management.AbstractThe duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster, and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C. callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C. castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C. silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ^ ≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (plt > 0.05 and pgt > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgt < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C. callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations. The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster, and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C.callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C.castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C.silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ^≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (plt > 0.05 and pgt > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgt < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C.callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations. The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is needed to better understand habitat use or association between the species. Using camera traps, we studied the temporal activity patterns, and quantified for the first time the temporal overlap and spatial co-occurrence between species. Our results show that: (i) Two species are strongly diurnal: Cephalophus leucogaster, and Philantomba congica, (ii) two species are mostly diurnal: C.callipygus and C. nigrifrons, (iii) one species is strongly nocturnal: C.castaneus, (iv) and one species is mostly nocturnal: C.silvicultor. Analyses of temporal activities (for five species) identified four species pairs that highly overlapped (Δ^≥ 0.80), and six pairs that weakly overlapped (Δ^ between 0.06 and 0.35). Finally, co-occurrence tests reveal a truly random co-occurrence (plt > 0.05 and pgt > 0.05) for six species pairs, and a positive co-occurrence (pgt < 0.05) for four pairs. Positive co-occurrences are particularly noted for pairs formed by C.callipygus with the other species (except C. nigrifrons). These results are essential for a better understanding of the coexistence of duikers and the ecology of poorly known species (C. leucogaster and C. nigrifrons), and provide clarification on the activity patterns of C. silvicultor which was subject to controversy. Camera traps proved then to be a powerful tool for studying the activity patterns of free-ranging duiker populations. |
| Author | Doucet, Jean-Louis Fonteyn, Davy Lhoest, Simon Ntie, Stephan Houngbégnon, Fructueux G. A. Yapi, Fabrice Vermeulen, Cédric Cornelis, Daniel Sandrin, François Hardy, Clément Le Bel, Sebastien Fayolle, Adeline Evrard, Quentin Vanegas, Liliana Ayaya, Idriss Sonké, Bonaventure |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Terra Teaching and Research Centre, Forest Is life, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, BE-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; cvermeulen@uliege.be (C.V.); adeline.fayolle@uliege.be (A.F.); davy.fonteyn@doct.uliege.be (D.F.); simlho@hotmail.com (S.L.); q.evrard@doct.ulg.ac.be (Q.E.); jldoucet@uliege.be (J.-L.D.) 4 Département de Biologie, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), BP 941 Franceville, Gabon; stephanntie@yahoo.fr 6 Independent Consultants, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Bogor Jawa 16115, Barat, Indonesia; f.sandrin1990@gmail.com (F.S.); lilovan7@gmail.com (L.V.) 8 Department of Biological Sciences, UQAM, Montréal, QC H3W 1R7, Canada; clem.hardy@outlook.fr 5 Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves, Yamoussoukro 225, Cote D’Ivoire; fabbyof@yahoo.fr 3 Département de Biologie, Laboratoire de Botanique Systématique et d’Écologie, École Normale S |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves, Yamoussoukro 225, Cote D’Ivoire; fabbyof@yahoo.fr – name: 3 Département de Biologie, Laboratoire de Botanique Systématique et d’Écologie, École Normale Supérieure, Université de Yaoundé I, BP 047 Yaoundé, Cameroon; bonaventuresonke@ens.cm – name: 4 Département de Biologie, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), BP 941 Franceville, Gabon; stephanntie@yahoo.fr – name: 7 Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de l’Uélé, Haut-Uélé, Isiro BP 670, Congo; idrissayaya@gmail.com – name: 2 French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France; daniel.cornelis@cirad.fr (D.C.); sebastien.le_bel@cirad.fr (S.L.B.) – name: 6 Independent Consultants, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Bogor Jawa 16115, Barat, Indonesia; f.sandrin1990@gmail.com (F.S.); lilovan7@gmail.com (L.V.) – name: 8 Department of Biological Sciences, UQAM, Montréal, QC H3W 1R7, Canada; clem.hardy@outlook.fr – name: 1 Terra Teaching and Research Centre, Forest Is life, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, BE-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; cvermeulen@uliege.be (C.V.); adeline.fayolle@uliege.be (A.F.); davy.fonteyn@doct.uliege.be (D.F.); simlho@hotmail.com (S.L.); q.evrard@doct.ulg.ac.be (Q.E.); jldoucet@uliege.be (J.-L.D.) |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Fructueux G. A. orcidid: 0000-0002-1173-8751 surname: Houngbégnon fullname: Houngbégnon, Fructueux G. A. – sequence: 2 givenname: Daniel surname: Cornelis fullname: Cornelis, Daniel – sequence: 3 givenname: Cédric surname: Vermeulen fullname: Vermeulen, Cédric – sequence: 4 givenname: Bonaventure surname: Sonké fullname: Sonké, Bonaventure – sequence: 5 givenname: Stephan surname: Ntie fullname: Ntie, Stephan – sequence: 6 givenname: Adeline orcidid: 0000-0002-6770-0031 surname: Fayolle fullname: Fayolle, Adeline – sequence: 7 givenname: Davy orcidid: 0000-0003-0667-3938 surname: Fonteyn fullname: Fonteyn, Davy – sequence: 8 givenname: Simon orcidid: 0000-0001-7237-3867 surname: Lhoest fullname: Lhoest, Simon – sequence: 9 givenname: Quentin surname: Evrard fullname: Evrard, Quentin – sequence: 10 givenname: Fabrice surname: Yapi fullname: Yapi, Fabrice – sequence: 11 givenname: François surname: Sandrin fullname: Sandrin, François – sequence: 12 givenname: Liliana surname: Vanegas fullname: Vanegas, Liliana – sequence: 13 givenname: Idriss surname: Ayaya fullname: Ayaya, Idriss – sequence: 14 givenname: Clément surname: Hardy fullname: Hardy, Clément – sequence: 15 givenname: Sebastien surname: Le Bel fullname: Le Bel, Sebastien – sequence: 16 givenname: Jean-Louis surname: Doucet fullname: Doucet, Jean-Louis |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33255400$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://hal.science/hal-05177448$$DView record in HAL |
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| Contributor | Terra Teaching and Research Centre, Forest Is life, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège |
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| Copyright | 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Attribution 2020 by the authors. 2020 |
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| Keywords | co-occurrence overlap coefficient Central Africa duikers daily activity patterns camera traps comportement animal Overlap coefficient animal sauvage piège photographique mesure (activité) instrument de mesure Co-occurrence Afrique centrale organisme indigène Camera-traps forêt tropicale humide enquête Cephalophus Daily activity patterns Duikers méthode statistique |
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| Snippet | The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is... Simple SummaryForest duikers are one of the most important groups of mammals in Central African rainforests and over the whole Guineo-Congolian Region. To... The duiker community in Central African rainforests includes a diversity of species that can coexist in the same area. The study of their activity patterns is... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agricultural sciences Animal biology Animals Biodiversity and Ecology camera traps Cameras Central Africa co-occurrence daily activity patterns duikers Ecology, environment Environmental Sciences Environmental sciences & ecology habitat preferences Humanities and Social Sciences Life Sciences Methods and statistics Mitochondrial DNA overlap coefficient Philantomba Sciences and technics of agriculture Sciences de l’environnement & écologie Sciences du vivant species diversity Statistical analysis surveys Taxonomy |
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| Title | Daily Activity Patterns and Co-Occurrence of Duikers Revealed by an Intensive Camera Trap Survey across Central African Rainforests |
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