Measurement bias in caregiver‐report of early childhood behavior problems across demographic factors in an ECHO‐wide diverse sample

Background Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver‐report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL/1.5‐5), to gather information about early childhood behavior problems and to screen for child psychopathology. While studies have shown that demographic variables inf...

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Published inJCPP advances Vol. 4; no. 1; pp. e12198 - n/a
Main Authors Zheng, Shuting, Mansolf, Maxwell, McGrath, Monica, Churchill, Marie L., Bekelman, Traci A., Brennan, Patricia A., Margolis, Amy E., Nozadi, Sara S., Bastain, Theresa M., Elliott, Amy J., LeWinn, Kaja Z., Hofheimer, Julie A., Leve, Leslie D., Rennie, Brandon, Zimmerman, Emily, Marable, Carmen A., McEvoy, Cindy T., Liu, Chang, Sullivan, Alexis, Woodruff, Tracey J., Ghosh, Samiran, Leventhal, Bennett, Ferrara, Assiamira, Lewis, Johnnye, Bishop, Somer
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.03.2024
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Wiley
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2692-9384
2692-9384
DOI10.1002/jcv2.12198

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Abstract Background Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver‐report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL/1.5‐5), to gather information about early childhood behavior problems and to screen for child psychopathology. While studies have shown that demographic variables influence caregiver ratings of behavior problems, the extent to which the CBCL/1.5‐5 functions equivalently at the item level across diverse samples is unknown. Methods Item‐level data of CBCL/1.5‐5 from a large sample of young children (N = 9087) were drawn from 26 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program. Factor analyses and the alignment method were applied to examine measurement invariance (MI) and differential item functioning (DIF) across child (age, sex, bilingual status, and neurodevelopmental disorders), and caregiver (sex, education level, household income level, depression, and language version administered) characteristics. Child race was examined in sensitivity analyses. Results Items with the most impactful DIF across child and caregiver groupings were identified for Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. The robust item sets, excluding the high DIF items, showed good reliability and high correlation with the original Internalizing and Total Problems scales, with lower reliability for Externalizing. Language version of CBCL administration, education level and sex of the caregiver respondent showed the most significant impact on MI, followed by child age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that child race has a unique impact on DIF over and above socioeconomic status. Conclusions The CBCL/1.5‐5, a caregiver‐report measure of early childhood behavior problems, showed bias across demographic groups. Robust item sets with less DIF can measure Internalizing and Total Problems equally as well as the full item sets, with slightly lower reliability for Externalizing, and can be crosswalked to the metric of the full item set, enabling calculation of normed T scores based on more robust item sets. This study systematically examines the measurement bias of the CBCL 1.5‐5 in a large, diverse sample (n = 9087). Questions from a commonly used measure of behavior problems in young children show bias depending on the language version administered (Spanish vs. English), educational level and sex of the caregiver respondent, as well as child’s age. Findings suggest that this questionnaire might not measure behavior problems in the same way for children with caregivers from diverse backgrounds. Recommendations are provided for bias‐reduced item sets with scores mapped onto the original scale.
AbstractList Background Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver‐report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL/1.5‐5), to gather information about early childhood behavior problems and to screen for child psychopathology. While studies have shown that demographic variables influence caregiver ratings of behavior problems, the extent to which the CBCL/1.5‐5 functions equivalently at the item level across diverse samples is unknown. Methods Item‐level data of CBCL/1.5‐5 from a large sample of young children (N = 9087) were drawn from 26 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program. Factor analyses and the alignment method were applied to examine measurement invariance (MI) and differential item functioning (DIF) across child (age, sex, bilingual status, and neurodevelopmental disorders), and caregiver (sex, education level, household income level, depression, and language version administered) characteristics. Child race was examined in sensitivity analyses. Results Items with the most impactful DIF across child and caregiver groupings were identified for Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. The robust item sets, excluding the high DIF items, showed good reliability and high correlation with the original Internalizing and Total Problems scales, with lower reliability for Externalizing. Language version of CBCL administration, education level and sex of the caregiver respondent showed the most significant impact on MI, followed by child age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that child race has a unique impact on DIF over and above socioeconomic status. Conclusions The CBCL/1.5‐5, a caregiver‐report measure of early childhood behavior problems, showed bias across demographic groups. Robust item sets with less DIF can measure Internalizing and Total Problems equally as well as the full item sets, with slightly lower reliability for Externalizing, and can be crosswalked to the metric of the full item set, enabling calculation of normed T scores based on more robust item sets.
Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver-report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5), to gather information about early childhood behavior problems and to screen for child psychopathology. While studies have shown that demographic variables influence caregiver ratings of behavior problems, the extent to which the CBCL/1.5-5 functions equivalently at the item level across diverse samples is unknown.BackgroundResearch and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver-report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5), to gather information about early childhood behavior problems and to screen for child psychopathology. While studies have shown that demographic variables influence caregiver ratings of behavior problems, the extent to which the CBCL/1.5-5 functions equivalently at the item level across diverse samples is unknown.Item-level data of CBCL/1.5-5 from a large sample of young children (N = 9087) were drawn from 26 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program. Factor analyses and the alignment method were applied to examine measurement invariance (MI) and differential item functioning (DIF) across child (age, sex, bilingual status, and neurodevelopmental disorders), and caregiver (sex, education level, household income level, depression, and language version administered) characteristics. Child race was examined in sensitivity analyses.MethodsItem-level data of CBCL/1.5-5 from a large sample of young children (N = 9087) were drawn from 26 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program. Factor analyses and the alignment method were applied to examine measurement invariance (MI) and differential item functioning (DIF) across child (age, sex, bilingual status, and neurodevelopmental disorders), and caregiver (sex, education level, household income level, depression, and language version administered) characteristics. Child race was examined in sensitivity analyses.Items with the most impactful DIF across child and caregiver groupings were identified for Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. The robust item sets, excluding the high DIF items, showed good reliability and high correlation with the original Internalizing and Total Problems scales, with lower reliability for Externalizing. Language version of CBCL administration, education level and sex of the caregiver respondent showed the most significant impact on MI, followed by child age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that child race has a unique impact on DIF over and above socioeconomic status.ResultsItems with the most impactful DIF across child and caregiver groupings were identified for Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. The robust item sets, excluding the high DIF items, showed good reliability and high correlation with the original Internalizing and Total Problems scales, with lower reliability for Externalizing. Language version of CBCL administration, education level and sex of the caregiver respondent showed the most significant impact on MI, followed by child age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that child race has a unique impact on DIF over and above socioeconomic status.The CBCL/1.5-5, a caregiver-report measure of early childhood behavior problems, showed bias across demographic groups. Robust item sets with less DIF can measure Internalizing and Total Problems equally as well as the full item sets, with slightly lower reliability for Externalizing, and can be crosswalked to the metric of the full item set, enabling calculation of normed T scores based on more robust item sets.ConclusionsThe CBCL/1.5-5, a caregiver-report measure of early childhood behavior problems, showed bias across demographic groups. Robust item sets with less DIF can measure Internalizing and Total Problems equally as well as the full item sets, with slightly lower reliability for Externalizing, and can be crosswalked to the metric of the full item set, enabling calculation of normed T scores based on more robust item sets.
Abstract Background Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver‐report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL/1.5‐5), to gather information about early childhood behavior problems and to screen for child psychopathology. While studies have shown that demographic variables influence caregiver ratings of behavior problems, the extent to which the CBCL/1.5‐5 functions equivalently at the item level across diverse samples is unknown. Methods Item‐level data of CBCL/1.5‐5 from a large sample of young children (N = 9087) were drawn from 26 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program. Factor analyses and the alignment method were applied to examine measurement invariance (MI) and differential item functioning (DIF) across child (age, sex, bilingual status, and neurodevelopmental disorders), and caregiver (sex, education level, household income level, depression, and language version administered) characteristics. Child race was examined in sensitivity analyses. Results Items with the most impactful DIF across child and caregiver groupings were identified for Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. The robust item sets, excluding the high DIF items, showed good reliability and high correlation with the original Internalizing and Total Problems scales, with lower reliability for Externalizing. Language version of CBCL administration, education level and sex of the caregiver respondent showed the most significant impact on MI, followed by child age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that child race has a unique impact on DIF over and above socioeconomic status. Conclusions The CBCL/1.5‐5, a caregiver‐report measure of early childhood behavior problems, showed bias across demographic groups. Robust item sets with less DIF can measure Internalizing and Total Problems equally as well as the full item sets, with slightly lower reliability for Externalizing, and can be crosswalked to the metric of the full item set, enabling calculation of normed T scores based on more robust item sets.
Background Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver‐report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL/1.5‐5), to gather information about early childhood behavior problems and to screen for child psychopathology. While studies have shown that demographic variables influence caregiver ratings of behavior problems, the extent to which the CBCL/1.5‐5 functions equivalently at the item level across diverse samples is unknown. Methods Item‐level data of CBCL/1.5‐5 from a large sample of young children (N = 9087) were drawn from 26 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program. Factor analyses and the alignment method were applied to examine measurement invariance (MI) and differential item functioning (DIF) across child (age, sex, bilingual status, and neurodevelopmental disorders), and caregiver (sex, education level, household income level, depression, and language version administered) characteristics. Child race was examined in sensitivity analyses. Results Items with the most impactful DIF across child and caregiver groupings were identified for Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. The robust item sets, excluding the high DIF items, showed good reliability and high correlation with the original Internalizing and Total Problems scales, with lower reliability for Externalizing. Language version of CBCL administration, education level and sex of the caregiver respondent showed the most significant impact on MI, followed by child age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that child race has a unique impact on DIF over and above socioeconomic status. Conclusions The CBCL/1.5‐5, a caregiver‐report measure of early childhood behavior problems, showed bias across demographic groups. Robust item sets with less DIF can measure Internalizing and Total Problems equally as well as the full item sets, with slightly lower reliability for Externalizing, and can be crosswalked to the metric of the full item set, enabling calculation of normed T scores based on more robust item sets. This study systematically examines the measurement bias of the CBCL 1.5‐5 in a large, diverse sample (n = 9087). Questions from a commonly used measure of behavior problems in young children show bias depending on the language version administered (Spanish vs. English), educational level and sex of the caregiver respondent, as well as child’s age. Findings suggest that this questionnaire might not measure behavior problems in the same way for children with caregivers from diverse backgrounds. Recommendations are provided for bias‐reduced item sets with scores mapped onto the original scale.
Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver-report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5), to gather information about early childhood behavior problems and to screen for child psychopathology. While studies have shown that demographic variables influence caregiver ratings of behavior problems, the extent to which the CBCL/1.5-5 functions equivalently at the item level across diverse samples is unknown. Item-level data of CBCL/1.5-5 from a large sample of young children (  = 9087) were drawn from 26 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program. Factor analyses and the alignment method were applied to examine measurement invariance (MI) and differential item functioning (DIF) across child (age, sex, bilingual status, and neurodevelopmental disorders), and caregiver (sex, education level, household income level, depression, and language version administered) characteristics. Child race was examined in sensitivity analyses. Items with the most impactful DIF across child and caregiver groupings were identified for Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. The robust item sets, excluding the high DIF items, showed good reliability and high correlation with the original Internalizing and Total Problems scales, with lower reliability for Externalizing. Language version of CBCL administration, education level and sex of the caregiver respondent showed the most significant impact on MI, followed by child age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that child race has a unique impact on DIF over and above socioeconomic status. The CBCL/1.5-5, a caregiver-report measure of early childhood behavior problems, showed bias across demographic groups. Robust item sets with less DIF can measure Internalizing and Total Problems equally as well as the full item sets, with slightly lower reliability for Externalizing, and can be crosswalked to the metric of the full item set, enabling calculation of normed T scores based on more robust item sets.
This study systematically examines the measurement bias of the CBCL 1.5‐5 in a large, diverse sample (n = 9087). Questions from a commonly used measure of behavior problems in young children show bias depending on the language version administered (Spanish vs. English), educational level and sex of the caregiver respondent, as well as child’s age. Findings suggest that this questionnaire might not measure behavior problems in the same way for children with caregivers from diverse backgrounds. Recommendations are provided for bias‐reduced item sets with scores mapped onto the original scale.
Author Zheng, Shuting
Ghosh, Samiran
LeWinn, Kaja Z.
Rennie, Brandon
Sullivan, Alexis
Woodruff, Tracey J.
Brennan, Patricia A.
Bekelman, Traci A.
Liu, Chang
McGrath, Monica
Marable, Carmen A.
Lewis, Johnnye
Churchill, Marie L.
Hofheimer, Julie A.
Leve, Leslie D.
Zimmerman, Emily
Leventhal, Bennett
Ferrara, Assiamira
Bishop, Somer
Bastain, Theresa M.
Margolis, Amy E.
Nozadi, Sara S.
Elliott, Amy J.
Mansolf, Maxwell
McEvoy, Cindy T.
AuthorAffiliation 16 Department of Psychology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
15 Department of Pediatrics Pape Pediatric Research Institute Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
3 Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA
6 Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York State Psychiatric Institute New York NY USA
14 School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Neuroscience Curriculum Chapel Hill NC USA
2 Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL USA
4 Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public Health Aurora CO USA
21 Navajo Birth Cohort Study Community Environmental Health Program College of Pharmacy University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
12 Health Sciences Center Department of Pediatrics Center for Development and Disability University of New Mexico Navajo Birth Cohort Study Albuquerque NM USA
18 Department of Biostatis
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 7 Community Environmental Health College of Pharmacy Health Sciences Center University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
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– name: 22 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Weill Institute for Neurosciences University of California San Francisco CA USA
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– name: 16 Department of Psychology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
– name: 17 Center for Health and Community University of California San Francisco CA USA
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38486952$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright 2023 The Authors. JCPP Advances published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
2024. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the "License"). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml – notice: 2023 The Authors. JCPP Advances published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
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Issue 1
Keywords psychometrics
pre‐school children
behavior problems
behavioral measures
Language English
License Attribution
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2023 The Authors. JCPP Advances published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Notes Shuting Zheng and Maxwell Mansolf contribute equally to this study.
See Acknowledgments for full listing of collaborators
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Snippet Background Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver‐report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL/1.5‐5), to gather...
Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver-report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5), to gather information about...
Background Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver‐report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL/1.5‐5), to gather...
This study systematically examines the measurement bias of the CBCL 1.5‐5 in a large, diverse sample (n = 9087). Questions from a commonly used measure of...
Abstract Background Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver‐report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 (CBCL/1.5‐5), to...
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StartPage e12198
SubjectTerms Autism
behavior problems
behavioral measures
Bias
Bilingualism
Caregivers
Children & youth
Childrens health
Clinical significance
Ethnicity
Family income
Inclusion
Intellectual disabilities
Investigations
Missing data
Original
Preschool education
pre‐school children
psychometrics
Quantitative psychology
Variables
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Title Measurement bias in caregiver‐report of early childhood behavior problems across demographic factors in an ECHO‐wide diverse sample
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fjcv2.12198
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38486952
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Volume 4
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