Understanding Heterogeneity in Clinical Cohorts Using Normative Models: Beyond Case-Control Studies

• Published in: Biological psychiatry (1969) Vol. 80; no. 7; pp. 552 - 561
• Main Authors: Marquand, Andre F., Rezek, Iead, Buitelaar, Jan, Beckmann, Christian F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.10.2016; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adult; Archival Report; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - diagnosis; Brain - physiology; Case-Control Studies; Cluster Analysis; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Delay Discounting - physiology; Female; Functional Neuroimaging; Gaussian process; Heterogeneity; Humans; Impulsive Behavior - physiology; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Models, Statistical; Normative model; Outlier detection; Patient stratification; Psychiatric/Mental Health; Research Domain Criteria; Reward; Young Adult; Heterogeneity; Outlier detection; Normative model; Patient stratification; Gaussian process; Research Domain Criteria

Despite many successes, the case-control approach is problematic in biomedical science. It introduces an artificial symmetry whereby all clinical groups (e.g., patients and control subjects) are assumed to be well defined, when biologically they are often highly heterogeneous. By definition, it also...