CCK-4: Psychophysiological conditioning elicits features of spontaneous panic attacks

• Published in: Journal of psychiatric research Vol. 44; no. 16; pp. 1148 - 1153
• Main Authors: Hinkelmann, Kim, Yassouridis, Alexander, Mass, Reinhard, Tenge, Henrike, Kellner, Michael, Jahn, Holger, Wiedemann, Klaus, Wolf, Karsten
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2010; Elsevier
• Subjects: Activation density; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - blood; Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Anxiety; Anxiety disorders. Neuroses; Area Under Curve; Biological and medical sciences; CCK-4; Conditioning; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Electromyography - methods; Emotional facial expression; Facial EMG; Facial muscles; Facial Muscles - drug effects; Facial Muscles - physiopathology; Hormones; HPA-axis; Humans; Indexing in process; Male; Medical sciences; Pain Measurement; Panic; Panic anxiety; Panic disorder; Panic Disorder - blood; Panic Disorder - chemically induced; Panic Disorder - physiopathology; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Radioimmunoassay - methods; Stress; Tetragastrin - adverse effects; Tetragastrin - blood; Time Factors; Young Adult; Emotional facial expression; Panic anxiety; Facial EMG; Conditioning; CCK-4; Activation density; HPA-axis; Affect affectivity; Panic; Emotional expression; Hypothalamohypophysoadrenal axis; Anxiety disorder; Electrophysiology; Activation; Neuropeptide; Density; Electrodiagnosis; Anxiety; Electromyography; Face; Psychophysiology; Emotion emotionality; Panic attack; Cholecystokinin; Facial expression

Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) is an established model to generate subjective panic anxiety. CCK-4 injection also results in consistent and dose-dependent rise of stress hormones. Effects other than upon subjective panic and stress hormone activity have barely been examined. The purpose of the...