Sleep inspires insight

Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour 1 , 2 . Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep 3 . Sleep consolidates recent memories 4 , 5 , 6 and, concomit...

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Published in	Nature (London) Vol. 427; no. 6972; pp. 352 - 355
Main Authors	Wagner, Ullrich, Gais, Steffen, Haider, Hilde, Verleger, Rolf, Born, Jan
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London Nature Publishing Group UK 22.01.2004 Nature Publishing Nature Publishing Group
Subjects	Activity levels. Psychomotricity Adolescent Adult Biological and medical sciences Cognition & reasoning Cognition - physiology Creativity Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Knowledge Learning - physiology letter Memory multidisciplinary Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Reaction Time Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sleep Sleep - physiology Time Factors Training Vigilance. Attention. Sleep Wakefulness - physiology Human Insight Cognition Sleep Sleep wake cycle Memory
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	0028-0836 1476-4687 1476-4687
DOI	10.1038/nature02223

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Abstract	Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour 1 , 2 . Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep 3 . Sleep consolidates recent memories 4 , 5 , 6 and, concomitantly, could allow insight by changing their representational structure. Here we show a facilitating role of sleep in a process of insight. Subjects performed a cognitive task requiring the learning of stimulus–response sequences, in which they improved gradually by increasing response speed across task blocks. However, they could also improve abruptly after gaining insight into a hidden abstract rule underlying all sequences. Initial training establishing a task representation was followed by 8 h of nocturnal sleep, nocturnal wakefulness, or daytime wakefulness. At subsequent retesting, more than twice as many subjects gained insight into the hidden rule after sleep as after wakefulness, regardless of time of day. Sleep did not enhance insight in the absence of initial training. A characteristic antecedent of sleep-related insight was revealed in a slowing of reaction times across sleep. We conclude that sleep, by restructuring new memory representations, facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour.
AbstractList	Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour 1 , 2 . Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep 3 . Sleep consolidates recent memories 4 , 5 , 6 and, concomitantly, could allow insight by changing their representational structure. Here we show a facilitating role of sleep in a process of insight. Subjects performed a cognitive task requiring the learning of stimulus–response sequences, in which they improved gradually by increasing response speed across task blocks. However, they could also improve abruptly after gaining insight into a hidden abstract rule underlying all sequences. Initial training establishing a task representation was followed by 8 h of nocturnal sleep, nocturnal wakefulness, or daytime wakefulness. At subsequent retesting, more than twice as many subjects gained insight into the hidden rule after sleep as after wakefulness, regardless of time of day. Sleep did not enhance insight in the absence of initial training. A characteristic antecedent of sleep-related insight was revealed in a slowing of reaction times across sleep. We conclude that sleep, by restructuring new memory representations, facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour. Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour. Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep. Sleep consolidates recent memories and, concomitantly, could allow insight by changing their representational structure. Here we show a facilitating role of sleep in a process of insight. Subjects performed a cognitive task requiring the learning of stimulus-response sequences, in which they improved gradually by increasing response speed across task blocks. However, they could also improve abruptly after gaining insight into a hidden abstract rule underlying all sequences. Initial training establishing a task representation was followed by 8 h of nocturnal sleep, nocturnal wakefulness, or daytime wakefulness. At subsequent retesting, more than twice as many subjects gained insight into the hidden rule after sleep as after wakefulness, regardless of time of day. Sleep did not enhance insight in the absence of initial training. A characteristic antecedent of sleep-related insight was revealed in a slowing of reaction times across sleep. We conclude that sleep, by restructuring new memory representations, facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour.Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour. Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep. Sleep consolidates recent memories and, concomitantly, could allow insight by changing their representational structure. Here we show a facilitating role of sleep in a process of insight. Subjects performed a cognitive task requiring the learning of stimulus-response sequences, in which they improved gradually by increasing response speed across task blocks. However, they could also improve abruptly after gaining insight into a hidden abstract rule underlying all sequences. Initial training establishing a task representation was followed by 8 h of nocturnal sleep, nocturnal wakefulness, or daytime wakefulness. At subsequent retesting, more than twice as many subjects gained insight into the hidden rule after sleep as after wakefulness, regardless of time of day. Sleep did not enhance insight in the absence of initial training. A characteristic antecedent of sleep-related insight was revealed in a slowing of reaction times across sleep. We conclude that sleep, by restructuring new memory representations, facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour. Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour. Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep. Sleep consolidates recent memories and, concomitantly, could allow insight by changing their representational structure. Here we show a facilitating role of sleep in a process of insight. Subjects performed a cognitive task requiring the learning of stimulus-response sequences, in which they improved gradually by increasing response speed across task blocks. However, they could also improve abruptly after gaining insight into a hidden abstract rule underlying all sequences. Initial training establishing a task representation was followed by 8 h of nocturnal sleep, nocturnal wakefulness, or daytime wakefulness. At subsequent retesting, more than twice as many subjects gained insight into the hidden rule after sleep as after wakefulness, regardless of time of day. Sleep did not enhance insight in the absence of initial training. A characteristic antecedent of sleep-related insight was revealed in a slowing of reaction times across sleep. We conclude that sleep, by restructuring new memory representations, facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour. Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep. Sleep consolidates recent memories and, concomitantly, could allow insight by changing their representational structure. Here we show a facilitating role of sleep in a process of insight. Subjects performed a cognitive task requiring the learning of stimulus#150;response sequences, in which they improved gradually by increasing response speed across task blocks. However, they could also improve abruptly after gaining insight into a hidden abstract rule underlying all sequences. Initial training establishing a task representation was followed by 8 h of nocturnal sleep, nocturnal wakefulness, or daytime wakefulness. At subsequent retesting, more than twice as many subjects gained insight into the hidden rule after sleep as after wakefulness, regardless of time of day. Sleep did not enhance insight in the absence of initial training. A characteristic antecedent of sleep-related insight was revealed in a slowing of reaction times across sleep. We conclude that sleep, by restructuring new memory representations, facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour. Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep. Sleep consolidates recent memories and, concomitantly, could allow insight by changing their representational structure. Here we show a facilitating role of sleep in a process of insight. Subjects performed a cognitive task requiring the learning of stimulus-response sequences, in which they improved gradually by increasing response speed across task blocks. However, they could also improve abruptly after gaining insight into a hidden abstract rule underlying all sequences. Initial training establishing a task representation was followed by 8 h of nocturnal sleep, nocturnal wakefulness, or daytime wakefulness. At subsequent retesting, more than twice as many subjects gained insight into the hidden rule after sleep as after wakefulness, regardless of time of day. Sleep did not enhance insight in the absence of initial training. A characteristic antecedent of sleep-related insight was revealed in a slowing of reaction times across sleep. We conclude that sleep, by restructuring new memory representations, facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour.
Audience	Academic
Author	Verleger, Rolf Born, Jan Wagner, Ullrich Gais, Steffen Haider, Hilde
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Ullrich surname: Wagner fullname: Wagner, Ullrich email: wagner@kfg.uni-luebeck.de organization: Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck – sequence: 2 givenname: Steffen surname: Gais fullname: Gais, Steffen organization: Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck – sequence: 3 givenname: Hilde surname: Haider fullname: Haider, Hilde organization: Institute of Psychology, University of Cologne – sequence: 4 givenname: Rolf surname: Verleger fullname: Verleger, Rolf organization: Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck – sequence: 5 givenname: Jan surname: Born fullname: Born, Jan email: born@kfg.uni-luebeck.de organization: Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck
BackLink	http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16889457$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14737168$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	Macmillan Magazines Ltd. 2004 2005 INIST-CNRS COPYRIGHT 2004 Nature Publishing Group Copyright Macmillan Journals Ltd. Jan 22, 2004
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Snippet	Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour 1 , 2 . Anecdotal reports on... Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour. Anecdotal reports on...
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SubjectTerms	Activity levels. Psychomotricity Adolescent Adult Biological and medical sciences Cognition & reasoning Cognition - physiology Creativity Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Knowledge Learning - physiology letter Memory multidisciplinary Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Reaction Time Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sleep Sleep - physiology Time Factors Training Vigilance. Attention. Sleep Wakefulness - physiology
Title	Sleep inspires insight
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