The Structure of the Human Vaginal Stratum Corneum and its Role in Immune Defense

The superficial layers of the human vaginal epithelium, which form an interface between host and environment, are comprised of dead flattened cells that have undergone a terminal cell differentiation program called cornification. This entails extrusion of nuclei and intercellular organelles, and the...

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Published in	American journal of reproductive immunology (1989) Vol. 71; no. 6; pp. 618 - 623
Main Authors	Anderson, Deborah J., Marathe, Jai, Pudney, Jeffrey
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Denmark Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.06.2014 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects	Cellular Microenvironment - immunology Epithelium - anatomy & histology Epithelium - immunology Epithelium - virology Female Female genital tract HIV HIV Infections - immunology Humans immunity Immunity, Innate Lactobacillus microbicides microflora Mucous Membrane - anatomy & histology Mucous Membrane - immunology Mucous Membrane - virology stratum corneum vagina Vagina - anatomy & histology Vagina - immunology Vagina - virology stratum corneum vagina HIV microbicides Female genital tract immunity microflora
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Abstract	The superficial layers of the human vaginal epithelium, which form an interface between host and environment, are comprised of dead flattened cells that have undergone a terminal cell differentiation program called cornification. This entails extrusion of nuclei and intercellular organelles, and the depletion of functional DNA and RNA precluding the synthesis of new proteins. As a consequence, the terminally differentiated cells do not maintain robust intercellular junctions and have a diminished capacity to actively respond to microbial exposure, yet the vaginal stratum corneum (SC) mounts an effective defense against invasive microbial infections. The vaginal SC in reproductive‐aged women is comprised of loosely connected glycogen‐filled cells, which are permeable to bacterial and viral microbes as well as molecular and cellular mediators of immune defense. We propose here that the vaginal SC provides a unique microenvironment that maintains vaginal health by fostering endogenous lactobacilli and retaining critical mediators of acquired and innate immunity. A better understanding of the molecular and physicochemical properties of the vaginal SC could promote the design of more effective topical drugs and microbicides.
AbstractList	The superficial layers of the human vaginal epithelium, which form an interface between host and environment, are comprised of dead flattened cells that have undergone a terminal cell differentiation program called cornification. This entails extrusion of nuclei and intercellular organelles, and the depletion of functional DNA and RNA precluding the synthesis of new proteins. As a consequence, the terminally differentiated cells do not maintain robust intercellular junctions and have a diminished capacity to actively respond to microbial exposure, yet the vaginal stratum corneum (SC) mounts an effective defense against invasive microbial infections. The vaginal SC in reproductive‐aged women is comprised of loosely connected glycogen‐filled cells, which are permeable to bacterial and viral microbes as well as molecular and cellular mediators of immune defense. We propose here that the vaginal SC provides a unique microenvironment that maintains vaginal health by fostering endogenous lactobacilli and retaining critical mediators of acquired and innate immunity. A better understanding of the molecular and physicochemical properties of the vaginal SC could promote the design of more effective topical drugs and microbicides. The superficial layers of the human vaginal epithelium, which form an interface between host and environment, are comprised of dead flattened cells that have undergone a terminal cell differentiation program called cornification. This entails extrusion of nuclei and intercellular organelles, and the depletion of functional DNA and RNA precluding the synthesis of new proteins. As a consequence, the terminally differentiated cells do not maintain robust intercellular junctions and have a diminished capacity to actively respond to microbial exposure, yet the vaginal stratum corneum (SC) mounts an effective defense against invasive microbial infections. The vaginal SC in reproductive-aged women is comprised of loosely connected glycogen-filled cells, which are permeable to bacterial and viral microbes as well as molecular and cellular mediators of immune defense. We propose here that the vaginal SC provides a unique microenvironment that maintains vaginal health by fostering endogenous lactobacilli and retaining critical mediators of acquired and innate immunity. A better understanding of the molecular and physicochemical properties of the vaginal SC could promote the design of more effective topical drugs and microbicides. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] The superficial layers of the human vaginal epithelium, which form an interface between host and environment, are comprised of dead flattened cells that have undergone a terminal cell differentiation program called cornification. This entails extrusion of nuclei and intercellular organelles, and the depletion of functional DNA and RNA precluding the synthesis of new proteins. As a consequence, the terminally differentiated cells do not maintain robust intercellular junctions and have a diminished capacity to actively respond to microbial exposure, yet the vaginal stratum corneum ( SC ) mounts an effective defense against invasive microbial infections. The vaginal SC in reproductive‐aged women is comprised of loosely connected glycogen‐filled cells, which are permeable to bacterial and viral microbes as well as molecular and cellular mediators of immune defense. We propose here that the vaginal SC provides a unique microenvironment that maintains vaginal health by fostering endogenous lactobacilli and retaining critical mediators of acquired and innate immunity. A better understanding of the molecular and physicochemical properties of the vaginal SC could promote the design of more effective topical drugs and microbicides. The superficial layers of the human vaginal epithelium, which form an interface between host and environment, are comprised of dead flattened cells that have undergone a terminal cell differentiation program called cornification. This entails extrusion of nuclei and intercellular organelles, and the depletion of functional DNA and RNA precluding the synthesis of new proteins. As a consequence, the terminally differentiated cells do not maintain robust intercellular junctions and have a diminished capacity to actively respond to microbial exposure, yet the vaginal stratum corneum ( SC ) mounts an effective defense against invasive microbial infections. The vaginal SC in reproductive aged women is comprised of loosely connected glycogen-filled cells which are permeable to bacterial and viral microbes as well as molecular and cellular mediators of immune defense. We propose here that the vaginal SC provides a unique microenvironment that maintains vaginal health by fostering endogenous lactobacillii and retaining critical mediators of acquired and innate immunity. A better understanding of the molecular and physicochemical properties of the vaginal SC could promote the design of more effective topical drugs and microbicides.
Author	Anderson, Deborah J. Marathe, Jai Pudney, Jeffrey
AuthorAffiliation	1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 2 Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA – name: 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Deborah J. surname: Anderson fullname: Anderson, Deborah J. email: Deborah Anderson, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Microbiology and Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Suite 516, Boston MA 02118, USA., deborah.anderson@bmc.org organization: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Jai surname: Marathe fullname: Marathe, Jai organization: Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, Boston, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Jeffrey surname: Pudney fullname: Pudney, Jeffrey organization: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, Boston, USA
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SubjectTerms	Cellular Microenvironment - immunology Epithelium - anatomy & histology Epithelium - immunology Epithelium - virology Female Female genital tract HIV HIV Infections - immunology Humans immunity Immunity, Innate Lactobacillus microbicides microflora Mucous Membrane - anatomy & histology Mucous Membrane - immunology Mucous Membrane - virology stratum corneum vagina Vagina - anatomy & histology Vagina - immunology Vagina - virology
Title	The Structure of the Human Vaginal Stratum Corneum and its Role in Immune Defense
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