Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use and Incident Frailty in Women Aged 65 and Older: Prospective Findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older who were not frail at baseline. DESIGN: Data were from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI‐OS),...

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Published inJournal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS) Vol. 57; no. 2; pp. 297 - 303
Main Authors Gray, Shelly L., LaCroix, Andrea Z., Aragaki, Aaron K., McDermott, Mary, Cochrane, Barbara B., Kooperberg, Charles L., Murray, Anne M., Rodriguez, Beatriz, Black, Henry, Woods, Nancy F.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Malden, USA Blackwell Publishing Inc 01.02.2009
Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0002-8614
1532-5415
1532-5415
DOI10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02121.x

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Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older who were not frail at baseline. DESIGN: Data were from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI‐OS), a prospective study conducted at 40 U.S. clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 65 to 79 at baseline who were not frail (N=27,378). MEASUREMENTS: Current ACE inhibitor use was ascertained through direct inspection of medicine containers at baseline. Components of frailty were self‐reported low physical function or impaired walking, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight. Frailty was ascertained through self‐reported and physical measurements data at baseline and 3‐year clinic contacts. RESULTS: By the 3‐year follow‐up, 3,950 (14.4%) women had developed frailty. Current ACE inhibitor use had no association with incident frailty (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=0.96, 95% confidence interval=0.82–1.13). Duration and potency of ACE inhibitor use were also not significantly associated with incident frailty. A similar pattern of results was observed when incident cardiovascular disease events were studied as a separate outcome or when the sample was restricted to subjects with hypertension. CONCLUSION: Overall, incidence of frailty was similar in current ACE inhibitor users and nonusers.
AbstractList OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older who were not frail at baseline. DESIGN: Data were from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI‐OS), a prospective study conducted at 40 U.S. clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 65 to 79 at baseline who were not frail (N=27,378). MEASUREMENTS: Current ACE inhibitor use was ascertained through direct inspection of medicine containers at baseline. Components of frailty were self‐reported low physical function or impaired walking, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight. Frailty was ascertained through self‐reported and physical measurements data at baseline and 3‐year clinic contacts. RESULTS: By the 3‐year follow‐up, 3,950 (14.4%) women had developed frailty. Current ACE inhibitor use had no association with incident frailty (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=0.96, 95% confidence interval=0.82–1.13). Duration and potency of ACE inhibitor use were also not significantly associated with incident frailty. A similar pattern of results was observed when incident cardiovascular disease events were studied as a separate outcome or when the sample was restricted to subjects with hypertension. CONCLUSION: Overall, incidence of frailty was similar in current ACE inhibitor users and nonusers.
To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older who were not frail at baseline.OBJECTIVESTo examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older who were not frail at baseline.Data were from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a prospective study conducted at 40 U.S. clinical centers.DESIGNData were from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a prospective study conducted at 40 U.S. clinical centers.Women aged 65 to 79 at baseline who were not frail (N=27,378).PARTICIPANTSWomen aged 65 to 79 at baseline who were not frail (N=27,378).Current ACE inhibitor use was ascertained through direct inspection of medicine containers at baseline. Components of frailty were self-reported low physical function or impaired walking, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight. Frailty was ascertained through self-reported and physical measurements data at baseline and 3-year clinic contacts.MEASUREMENTSCurrent ACE inhibitor use was ascertained through direct inspection of medicine containers at baseline. Components of frailty were self-reported low physical function or impaired walking, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight. Frailty was ascertained through self-reported and physical measurements data at baseline and 3-year clinic contacts.By the 3-year follow-up, 3,950 (14.4%) women had developed frailty. Current ACE inhibitor use had no association with incident frailty (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=0.96, 95% confidence interval=0.82-1.13). Duration and potency of ACE inhibitor use were also not significantly associated with incident frailty. A similar pattern of results was observed when incident cardiovascular disease events were studied as a separate outcome or when the sample was restricted to subjects with hypertension.RESULTSBy the 3-year follow-up, 3,950 (14.4%) women had developed frailty. Current ACE inhibitor use had no association with incident frailty (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=0.96, 95% confidence interval=0.82-1.13). Duration and potency of ACE inhibitor use were also not significantly associated with incident frailty. A similar pattern of results was observed when incident cardiovascular disease events were studied as a separate outcome or when the sample was restricted to subjects with hypertension.Overall, incidence of frailty was similar in current ACE inhibitor users and nonusers.CONCLUSIONOverall, incidence of frailty was similar in current ACE inhibitor users and nonusers.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older who were not frail at baseline. DESIGN: Data were from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI‐OS), a prospective study conducted at 40 U.S. clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 65 to 79 at baseline who were not frail (N=27,378). MEASUREMENTS: Current ACE inhibitor use was ascertained through direct inspection of medicine containers at baseline. Components of frailty were self‐reported low physical function or impaired walking, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight. Frailty was ascertained through self‐reported and physical measurements data at baseline and 3‐year clinic contacts. RESULTS: By the 3‐year follow‐up, 3,950 (14.4%) women had developed frailty. Current ACE inhibitor use had no association with incident frailty (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=0.96, 95% confidence interval=0.82–1.13). Duration and potency of ACE inhibitor use were also not significantly associated with incident frailty. A similar pattern of results was observed when incident cardiovascular disease events were studied as a separate outcome or when the sample was restricted to subjects with hypertension. CONCLUSION: Overall, incidence of frailty was similar in current ACE inhibitor users and nonusers.
To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older who were not frail at baseline. Data were from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a prospective study conducted at 40 U.S. clinical centers. Women aged 65 to 79 at baseline who were not frail (N=27,378). Current ACE inhibitor use was ascertained through direct inspection of medicine containers at baseline. Components of frailty were self-reported low physical function or impaired walking, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight. Frailty was ascertained through self-reported and physical measurements data at baseline and 3-year clinic contacts. By the 3-year follow-up, 3,950 (14.4%) women had developed frailty. Current ACE inhibitor use had no association with incident frailty (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=0.96, 95% confidence interval=0.82-1.13). Duration and potency of ACE inhibitor use were also not significantly associated with incident frailty. A similar pattern of results was observed when incident cardiovascular disease events were studied as a separate outcome or when the sample was restricted to subjects with hypertension. Overall, incidence of frailty was similar in current ACE inhibitor users and nonusers.
To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older who were not frail at baseline. Data were from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a prospective study conducted at 40 U.S. clinical centers. Women aged 65 to 79 at baseline who were not frail (N=27,378). Current ACE inhibitor use was ascertained through direct inspection of medicine containers at baseline. Components of frailty were self-reported low physical function or impaired walking, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight. Frailty was ascertained through self-reported and physical measurements data at baseline and 3-year clinic contacts. By the 3-year follow-up, 3,950 (14.4%) women had developed frailty. Current ACE inhibitor use had no association with incident frailty (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=0.96, 95% confidence interval=0.82-1.13). Duration and potency of ACE inhibitor use were also not significantly associated with incident frailty. A similar pattern of results was observed when incident cardiovascular disease events were studied as a separate outcome or when the sample was restricted to subjects with hypertension. Overall, incidence of frailty was similar in current ACE inhibitor users and nonusers. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author Woods, Nancy F.
LaCroix, Andrea Z.
Black, Henry
McDermott, Mary
Kooperberg, Charles L.
Murray, Anne M.
Cochrane, Barbara B.
Aragaki, Aaron K.
Gray, Shelly L.
Rodriguez, Beatriz
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  organization: From theSchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington†WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington‡Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois§School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington∥Chronic Disease Research Group, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota#Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HawaiiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois††School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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  organization: From theSchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington†WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington‡Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois§School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington∥Chronic Disease Research Group, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota#Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HawaiiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois††School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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  organization: From theSchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington†WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington‡Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois§School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington∥Chronic Disease Research Group, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota#Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HawaiiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois††School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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  surname: McDermott
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  organization: From theSchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington†WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington‡Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois§School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington∥Chronic Disease Research Group, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota#Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HawaiiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois††School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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  givenname: Barbara B.
  surname: Cochrane
  fullname: Cochrane, Barbara B.
  organization: From theSchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington†WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington‡Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois§School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington∥Chronic Disease Research Group, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota#Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HawaiiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois††School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Charles L.
  surname: Kooperberg
  fullname: Kooperberg, Charles L.
  organization: From theSchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington†WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington‡Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois§School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington∥Chronic Disease Research Group, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota#Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HawaiiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois††School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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  givenname: Anne M.
  surname: Murray
  fullname: Murray, Anne M.
  organization: From theSchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington†WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington‡Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois§School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington∥Chronic Disease Research Group, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota#Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HawaiiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois††School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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  givenname: Beatriz
  surname: Rodriguez
  fullname: Rodriguez, Beatriz
  organization: From theSchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington†WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington‡Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois§School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington∥Chronic Disease Research Group, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota#Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HawaiiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois††School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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  givenname: Henry
  surname: Black
  fullname: Black, Henry
  organization: From theSchool of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington†WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington‡Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois§School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington∥Chronic Disease Research Group, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota#Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HawaiiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois††School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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  surname: Woods
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Issue 2
Keywords Human
Observational study
Use
Disability
Prospective
frailty
Gerontology
Women's Health Initiative
ACE inhibitor use
Frailty in elderly
Adult
Female
Hormone replacement therapy
Woman
Elderly
ACE inhibitor
Geriatrics
Language English
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These data were presented in part at the Gerontological Society of America meeting, San Francisco, California, November 16–22, 2007.
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PublicationDate February 2009
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Schellenbaum GD, Smith NL, Heckbert SR et al. Weight loss, muscle strength, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in older adults with congestive heart failure or hypertension. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1996-2000.
Kaplan RC, McGinn AP, Pollak MN et al. Total insulinlike growth factor 1 and insulinlike growth factor binding protein levels, functional status, and mortality in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:652-660.
Onder G, Liperoti R, Russo A et al. Body mass index, free insulin-like growth factor I, and physical function among older adults: Results from the ilSIRENTE study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291:E829-E834.
Burnam MA, Wells KB, Leake B et al. Development of a brief screening instrument for detecting depressive disorders. Med Care 1988;26:775-789.
Penninx BW, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB et al. Inflammatory markers and incident mobility limitation in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1105-1113.
Onder G, Liperoti R, Russo A et al. Use of ACE inhibitors is associated with elevated levels of IGFBP-3 among hypertensive older adults: Results from the IlSIRENTE study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:389-395.
Cappola AR, Xue QL, Ferrucci L et al. Insulin-like growth factor I and interleukin-6 contribute synergistically to disability and mortality in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2019-2025.
Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL et al. Frailty: Emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1321-1330.
Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS et al. Compendium of physical activities: Classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:71-80.
Cao YJ, Mager DE, Simonsick EM et al. Physical and cognitive performance and burden of anticholinergics, sedatives, and ACE inhibitors in older women. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;83:422-429.
Di Bari M, Van De Poll-Franse LV, Onder G et al. Antihypertensive medications and differences in muscle mass in older persons: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:961-966.
Anderson GL, Manson J, Wallace R et al. Implementation of the Women's Health Initiative Study design. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:S5-S17.
Sumukadas D, Witham MD, Struthers AD et al. Effect of perindopril on physical function in elderly people with functional impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Can Med Assoc J 2007;177:867-874.
Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J et al. Frailty: An emerging research and clinical paradigm-issues and controversies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62A:731-737.
Barzilay JI, Blaum C, Moore T et al. Insulin resistance and inflammation as precursors of frailty: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:635-641.
Peeters AC, Netea MG, Kullberg BJ et al. The effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Immunology 1998;94:376-379.
Leng SX, Xue QL, Tian J et al. Inflammation and frailty in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:864-871.
Sumukadas D, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME. Sarcopenia-a potential target for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition? Gerontology 2006;52:237-242.
Langer RD, White E, Lewis CE et al. The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study: Baseline characteristics of participants and reliability of baseline measures. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:S107-S121.
Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ et al. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 2002;347:716-725.
Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L et al. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: Toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:991-1001.
Henriksen EJ, Jacob S. Modulation of metabolic control by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. J Cell Physiol 2003;196:171-179.
Cahova M, Vavrinkova H, Tutterova M et al. Captopril enhanced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle but not fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue of hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats. Metabolism 2003;52:1406-1412.
Curb JD, Mctiernan A, Heckbert SR et al. Outcomes ascertainment and adjudication methods in the Women's Health Initiative. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:S122-S128.
Maggio M, Ceda GP, Lauretani F et al. Relation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment to insulin-like growth factor-1 serum levels in subjects >65 years of age (the InCHIANTI study). Am J Cardiol 2006;97:1525-1529.
Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J et al. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56A:M146-M156.
Kranzhofer R, Schmidt J, Pfeiffer CAH et al. Angiotensin induces inflammatory activation of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:1623-1629.
Visser M, Pahor M, Taaffe DR et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: The Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57A:M326-M332.
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Onder G (e_1_2_7_28_2) 2007; 63
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References_xml – reference: Cao YJ, Mager DE, Simonsick EM et al. Physical and cognitive performance and burden of anticholinergics, sedatives, and ACE inhibitors in older women. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;83:422-429.
– reference: Sumukadas D, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME. Sarcopenia-a potential target for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition? Gerontology 2006;52:237-242.
– reference: Peeters AC, Netea MG, Kullberg BJ et al. The effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Immunology 1998;94:376-379.
– reference: Onder G, Liperoti R, Russo A et al. Body mass index, free insulin-like growth factor I, and physical function among older adults: Results from the ilSIRENTE study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291:E829-E834.
– reference: Penninx BW, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB et al. Inflammatory markers and incident mobility limitation in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1105-1113.
– reference: Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J et al. Frailty: An emerging research and clinical paradigm-issues and controversies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62A:731-737.
– reference: Onder G, Penninx BWJH, Balkrishnan R et al. Relation between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and muscle strength and physical function in older women: An observational study. Lancet 2002;359:926-930.
– reference: Henriksen EJ, Jacob S. Modulation of metabolic control by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. J Cell Physiol 2003;196:171-179.
– reference: Visser M, Pahor M, Taaffe DR et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: The Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57A:M326-M332.
– reference: Maggio M, Ceda GP, Lauretani F et al. Relation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment to insulin-like growth factor-1 serum levels in subjects >65 years of age (the InCHIANTI study). Am J Cardiol 2006;97:1525-1529.
– reference: Gambassi G, Lapane KL, Sgadari A et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and digoxin on health outcomes of very old patients with heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:53-60.
– reference: Anderson GL, Manson J, Wallace R et al. Implementation of the Women's Health Initiative Study design. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:S5-S17.
– reference: Di Bari M, Van De Poll-Franse LV, Onder G et al. Antihypertensive medications and differences in muscle mass in older persons: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:961-966.
– reference: Kaplan RC, McGinn AP, Pollak MN et al. Total insulinlike growth factor 1 and insulinlike growth factor binding protein levels, functional status, and mortality in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:652-660.
– reference: Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L et al. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: Toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:991-1001.
– reference: Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL et al. Frailty: Emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1321-1330.
– reference: Schellenbaum GD, Smith NL, Heckbert SR et al. Weight loss, muscle strength, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in older adults with congestive heart failure or hypertension. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1996-2000.
– reference: Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J et al. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56A:M146-M156.
– reference: Cappola AR, Xue QL, Ferrucci L et al. Insulin-like growth factor I and interleukin-6 contribute synergistically to disability and mortality in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2019-2025.
– reference: Kranzhofer R, Schmidt J, Pfeiffer CAH et al. Angiotensin induces inflammatory activation of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:1623-1629.
– reference: Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS et al. Compendium of physical activities: Classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:71-80.
– reference: Leng SX, Xue QL, Tian J et al. Inflammation and frailty in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:864-871.
– reference: Barzilay JI, Blaum C, Moore T et al. Insulin resistance and inflammation as precursors of frailty: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:635-641.
– reference: Sumukadas D, Witham MD, Struthers AD et al. Effect of perindopril on physical function in elderly people with functional impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Can Med Assoc J 2007;177:867-874.
– reference: Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ et al. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 2002;347:716-725.
– reference: Curb JD, Mctiernan A, Heckbert SR et al. Outcomes ascertainment and adjudication methods in the Women's Health Initiative. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:S122-S128.
– reference: Onder G, Liperoti R, Russo A et al. Use of ACE inhibitors is associated with elevated levels of IGFBP-3 among hypertensive older adults: Results from the IlSIRENTE study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:389-395.
– reference: Langer RD, White E, Lewis CE et al. The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study: Baseline characteristics of participants and reliability of baseline measures. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:S107-S121.
– reference: Burnam MA, Wells KB, Leake B et al. Development of a brief screening instrument for detecting depressive disorders. Med Care 1988;26:775-789.
– reference: Cahova M, Vavrinkova H, Tutterova M et al. Captopril enhanced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle but not fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue of hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats. Metabolism 2003;52:1406-1412.
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  year: 2007
  ident: e_1_2_7_6_2
  article-title: Insulin resistance and inflammation as precursors of frailty
  publication-title: The Cardiovascular Health Study
– ident: e_1_2_7_22_2
  doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53568.x
– volume: 13
  start-page: S107
  year: 2003
  ident: e_1_2_7_16_2
  article-title: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
  publication-title: Baseline characteristics of participants and reliability of baseline measures
– ident: e_1_2_7_8_2
  doi: 10.1159/000093656
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Snippet OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in...
OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in...
To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65...
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StartPage 297
SubjectTerms ACE inhibitor use
ACE inhibitors
Aged
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - therapeutic use
Biological and medical sciences
disability
Drug therapy
Female
Frail Elderly
Frailty
General aspects
Humans
Medical sciences
Miscellaneous
Mobility
Older people
Prospective Studies
Public health. Hygiene
Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine
Women's Health Initiative
Womens health
Title Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use and Incident Frailty in Women Aged 65 and Older: Prospective Findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-3DP5WBG6-P/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fj.1532-5415.2008.02121.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207145
https://www.proquest.com/docview/210383297
https://www.proquest.com/docview/66914118
Volume 57
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