Enhanced visible light photodegradation activity of RhB/MB from aqueous solution using nanosized novel Fe-Cd co-modified ZnO

A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscop...

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Published in	Scientific reports Vol. 8; no. 1; pp. 10691 - 12
Main Authors	D., Neena, Kondamareddy, Kiran Kumar, Bin, Han, Lu, Dingze, Kumar, Pravin, Dwivedi, R. K., Pelenovich, Vasiliy O., Zhao, Xing-Zhong, Gao, Wei, Fu, Dejun
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London Nature Publishing Group UK 16.07.2018 Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio
Subjects	140/146 639/301/299/890 704/172/169/896 Electrons Humanities and Social Sciences Investigations Irradiation Methylene blue Microscopy multidisciplinary Nanoparticles Photodegradation Photoelectron spectroscopy Recombination Rhodamine Scanning electron microscopy Science Science (multidisciplinary) Spectrum analysis Transmission electron microscopy Ultraviolet spectroscopy X-ray diffraction
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Abstract	A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles doped with various atomic weight fraction of Fe and Cd has been investigated under visible light irradiation using the Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B dye in aqueous solution. The FeCd (2%):ZnO (ZFC-1) exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity in terms of rate constant as K MB = 0.01153 min −1 and K RhB = 0.00916 min −1 ). Further, the re-usability of the ZFC-1 photocatalyst is studied which confirms that it can be reused up to five times with nearly negligible loss of the photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, the role of photoactive species investigated using a radical scavenger technique. The present investigations show that the doping concentration plays significant role in photocatalytic performance. The visible light absorption shown by Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticles is much higher than that of undoped body probably due to co-doping, and the charge carrier recombination is decreased effectively which yields a higher photocatalytic performance. The mechanism for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation is also proposed.
AbstractList	A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles doped with various atomic weight fraction of Fe and Cd has been investigated under visible light irradiation using the Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B dye in aqueous solution. The FeCd (2%):ZnO (ZFC-1) exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity in terms of rate constant as K MB = 0.01153 min −1 and K RhB = 0.00916 min −1 ). Further, the re-usability of the ZFC-1 photocatalyst is studied which confirms that it can be reused up to five times with nearly negligible loss of the photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, the role of photoactive species investigated using a radical scavenger technique. The present investigations show that the doping concentration plays significant role in photocatalytic performance. The visible light absorption shown by Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticles is much higher than that of undoped body probably due to co-doping, and the charge carrier recombination is decreased effectively which yields a higher photocatalytic performance. The mechanism for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation is also proposed. A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles doped with various atomic weight fraction of Fe and Cd has been investigated under visible light irradiation using the Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B dye in aqueous solution. The FeCd (2%):ZnO (ZFC-1) exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity in terms of rate constant as K = 0.01153 min and K = 0.00916 min ). Further, the re-usability of the ZFC-1 photocatalyst is studied which confirms that it can be reused up to five times with nearly negligible loss of the photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, the role of photoactive species investigated using a radical scavenger technique. The present investigations show that the doping concentration plays significant role in photocatalytic performance. The visible light absorption shown by Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticles is much higher than that of undoped body probably due to co-doping, and the charge carrier recombination is decreased effectively which yields a higher photocatalytic performance. The mechanism for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation is also proposed. A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles doped with various atomic weight fraction of Fe and Cd has been investigated under visible light irradiation using the Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B dye in aqueous solution. The FeCd (2%):ZnO (ZFC-1) exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity in terms of rate constant as KMB = 0.01153 min−1 and KRhB = 0.00916 min−1). Further, the re-usability of the ZFC-1 photocatalyst is studied which confirms that it can be reused up to five times with nearly negligible loss of the photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, the role of photoactive species investigated using a radical scavenger technique. The present investigations show that the doping concentration plays significant role in photocatalytic performance. The visible light absorption shown by Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticles is much higher than that of undoped body probably due to co-doping, and the charge carrier recombination is decreased effectively which yields a higher photocatalytic performance. The mechanism for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation is also proposed. Abstract A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles doped with various atomic weight fraction of Fe and Cd has been investigated under visible light irradiation using the Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B dye in aqueous solution. The FeCd (2%):ZnO (ZFC-1) exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity in terms of rate constant as KMB = 0.01153 min−1 and KRhB = 0.00916 min−1). Further, the re-usability of the ZFC-1 photocatalyst is studied which confirms that it can be reused up to five times with nearly negligible loss of the photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, the role of photoactive species investigated using a radical scavenger technique. The present investigations show that the doping concentration plays significant role in photocatalytic performance. The visible light absorption shown by Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticles is much higher than that of undoped body probably due to co-doping, and the charge carrier recombination is decreased effectively which yields a higher photocatalytic performance. The mechanism for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation is also proposed. A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles doped with various atomic weight fraction of Fe and Cd has been investigated under visible light irradiation using the Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B dye in aqueous solution. The FeCd (2%):ZnO (ZFC-1) exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity in terms of rate constant as KMB = 0.01153 min-1 and KRhB = 0.00916 min-1). Further, the re-usability of the ZFC-1 photocatalyst is studied which confirms that it can be reused up to five times with nearly negligible loss of the photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, the role of photoactive species investigated using a radical scavenger technique. The present investigations show that the doping concentration plays significant role in photocatalytic performance. The visible light absorption shown by Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticles is much higher than that of undoped body probably due to co-doping, and the charge carrier recombination is decreased effectively which yields a higher photocatalytic performance. The mechanism for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation is also proposed.A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles doped with various atomic weight fraction of Fe and Cd has been investigated under visible light irradiation using the Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B dye in aqueous solution. The FeCd (2%):ZnO (ZFC-1) exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity in terms of rate constant as KMB = 0.01153 min-1 and KRhB = 0.00916 min-1). Further, the re-usability of the ZFC-1 photocatalyst is studied which confirms that it can be reused up to five times with nearly negligible loss of the photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, the role of photoactive species investigated using a radical scavenger technique. The present investigations show that the doping concentration plays significant role in photocatalytic performance. The visible light absorption shown by Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticles is much higher than that of undoped body probably due to co-doping, and the charge carrier recombination is decreased effectively which yields a higher photocatalytic performance. The mechanism for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation is also proposed.
ArticleNumber	10691
Author	Kumar, Pravin Lu, Dingze Zhao, Xing-Zhong Pelenovich, Vasiliy O. Fu, Dejun Bin, Han Dwivedi, R. K. Kondamareddy, Kiran Kumar Gao, Wei D., Neena
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Neena surname: D. fullname: D., Neena email: neena@whu.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid Physics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Auckland – sequence: 2 givenname: Kiran Kumar surname: Kondamareddy fullname: Kondamareddy, Kiran Kumar organization: Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid Physics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Department of physics, Veltech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of science and technology, Avadi – sequence: 3 givenname: Han surname: Bin fullname: Bin, Han organization: Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid Physics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University – sequence: 4 givenname: Dingze surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Dingze organization: Inter Department of Physics, Xi’an Polytechnic University – sequence: 5 givenname: Pravin surname: Kumar fullname: Kumar, Pravin organization: Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg – sequence: 6 givenname: R. K. surname: Dwivedi fullname: Dwivedi, R. K. organization: Department of Physics, Christ Church College – sequence: 7 givenname: Vasiliy O. surname: Pelenovich fullname: Pelenovich, Vasiliy O. organization: Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid Physics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University – sequence: 8 givenname: Xing-Zhong surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Xing-Zhong organization: Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid Physics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University – sequence: 9 givenname: Wei surname: Gao fullname: Gao, Wei organization: Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Auckland – sequence: 10 givenname: Dejun surname: Fu fullname: Fu, Dejun email: djfu@whu.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nuclear Solid Physics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University
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References	Moussa, H. et al. ZnO rods/reduced graphene oxide composites prepared via a solvothermal reaction for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B185(11) (2016). Jiang, J. et al. Band gap modulation of ZnCdO alloy thin films with different Cd contents grown by pulsed laser deposition. J. Alloy. Compd. 547(59) (2013). Bian, S., Mudunkotuwa, I. A., Rupasinghe, T. & Grassian, V. H. Aggregation and Dissolution of 4 nm ZnO Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environments: Influence of pH, Ionic Strength, Size and Adsorption of Humic Acid. Langmuir 27(6059) (2011). Li, D., Muller, M. B., Gilje, S., Kaner, R. B. & Wallace, G. G. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(101) (2008). Korbahti, B. K., Artut, K., Gecgel, C. & Ozer, A. Electrochemical decolorization of textile dyes and removal of metal ions from textile dye and metal ion binary mixtures. Chem. Eng. J. 173(677) (2011). Saravanan, R. et al. ZnO/Ag/Mn2O3nanocomposite for visible light induced industrial textile effluent degradation, uric acid and ascorbic acid sensing and antimicrobial activity RSC Adv5(34645) (2015). Bie, X. et al. Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Pure ZnO Nanoflowers. Solid State Sci. 12(1364) (2010). Zhu, C. et al. Photocatalytic degradation of AZO dyes by supported TiO2+UV in aqueous solution. Chemosphere41(303) (2000). Joo, J. B. et al. Controllable Synthesis of Mesoporous TiO2 Hollow Shells: Toward an Efficient Photocatalyst. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(4246) (2013). Ansari, S. A., Khan, M. M., Ansari, M. O., Lee, J. & Cho, M. H. Biogenic synthesis, photocatalytic, and photo-electrochemical performance of Ag–ZnO nanocomposite. J. Phys. Chem. C117(27023) (2013). Mahnoodi, M., Armani, M., Lymaee, N. Y. & Gharanjig, K. Photocatalytic degradation of agricultural N-heterocyclic organic pollutants using immobilized nanoparticles of titania. J. Hazard. Mater. 145(65) (2007). Neena, D. et al. Influence of (Co-Mn) co-doping on the microstructures, optical properties of sol-gel derived ZnO nanoparticles, Eur. Phys. J. D2016 (70) 53. Hou, D., Goei, R., Wang, X., Wanga, P. & Lim, T.-T. Preparation of carbon-sensitized and Fe–Er co-doped TiO2 with response surface methodology for bisphenol A photocatalytic degradation under visible-light irradiation. Appl. Catal. B126(121) (2012). Kant, S., Pathania, D., Singh, P., Dhiman, P. & Kumar, A. Removal of malachite green and methylene blue by Fe0.01Ni0.01Zn0.98O/polyacrylamide nanocomposite using coupled adsorption and photocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B147(340) (2014). Kim, K. J. & Park, Y. R. Optical investigation of Zn1− xFexO films grown on Al2O3 (0001) by radio-frequency sputtering. J. Appl. Phys. 96(4150) (2004). Barick, K. C., Singh, S., Aslam, M. & Bahadur, D. Porosity and photocatalytic studies of transition metal doped ZnO nanoclusters. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 134(195) (2010). Sajjad, A. K. L., Shmaila, S., Tian, B. Z., Chen, F. & Zhang, J. L. Comparative studies of operational parameters of degradation of Azo dyes in visible light by highly efficient WO x/TiO2 photocatalyst. J. Hazard. Mater. 177(781) (2010). Shtepliuk, I., Khyzhun, O., Lashkarev, G., Khomyak, V. & Lazorenko, V. XPS and Raman characterizations of Zn1−xCdxO films grown at the different growth conditions. Acta Phys. Pol. A122(1034) (2012). Moulder, J. & Chastain, J. Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A Reference Book of Standard Spectra for Identification and Interpretation of XPS Data. Phys. Electronics (1995). Priyanka & Srivastava, V. C. Photocatalytic oxidation of dye bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc oxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52(17790) (2013). Yousef, A. et al. Influence of CdO-doping on the photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanofibers: effective visible light photocatalyst for waste water treatment. J. Lumin. 132(1668) (2012). Zhang, Y. & Li, Q. Synthesis and characterization of Fe-doped TiO2 films by electrophoretic method and its photocatalytic activity toward methyl orange. Solid State Sci. 16(16) (2013). Jantawasu, P., Sreethawong, T. & Chavadej, S. Photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline mesoporous-assembled TiO2 photocatalyst for degradation of methyl orange monoazo dye in aqueous wastewater. Chem. Eng. J. 155(223) (2009). Adler, D. & Brooks, H. Theory of semiconductor-to-metal transitions. Phys. Rev. 155(826) (1967). Ba-Abbad, M. M., Kadhum, A. A. H., Mohamad, A. B., Takriff, M. S. & Sopian, K. Visible light photocatalytic activity of Fe3+doped ZnO nanoparticle prepared via sol–gel technique, Chemosphere91(1604) (2013). Beltran, J. J., Barrero, C. A. & Punnoose, A. Evidence of Ferromagnetic Signal Enhancement in Fe and Co Co-doped ZnO Nanoparticles by Increasing Superficial Co3+ Content. J. Phys. Chem. C118(13203) (2014). Gupta, V. K., Pathania, D., Agarwal, S. & Singh, P. Adsorptional photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue onto pectin–CuS nanocomposite under solar light. J. Hazard. Mater. 243(179) (2012). Arques, A., Amat, A. M., Garcia-Ripoll, A. & Vicente, R. Detoxification and/or increase of the biodegradability of aqueous solutions of dimethoate by means of solar photocatalysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 146(447) (2007). Wang, Y., Wang, F. & He, J. Controlled fabrication and photocatalytic properties of a three-dimensional ZnO nanowire/reduced graphene oxide/CdS heterostructure on carbon cloth. Nanoscale5(11291) (2013). Zhang, D. & Zeng, F. Visible light-activated cadmium-doped ZnO nanostructured photocatalyst for the treatment of methylene blue dye, J. Mater. Sci. 47(2155) (2012). Peng, Y., Qin, S., Wang, W.-S. & Xu, A.-W. Fabrication of porous Cd-doped ZnO nanorods with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability. Cryst. Eng. Comm. 15(6518) (2013). Saravanan, R. et al. ZnO/Ag nanocomposite: An efficient catalyst for degradation studies of textile effluents under visible light Materials Science and Engineering C 33(2235) (2013). Lu, D. et al. Two- dimensional TiO2-based nanosheets co-modified by surface-enriched carbon dots and Gd2O3 nanoparticles for efficient visible-light-driven photocatysis. Appl. Sur. Sci. 396(185) (2017). Saravanan, R., Shankar, H., Prakash, T., Narayanan, V. & Stephen, A. ZnO/CdO composite nanorods for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light. Mater. Chem. Phys. 125(277) (2011). Zhou, M. H., Yu, J. G., Cheng, B. & Yu, H. G. Photocatalytic activity of Fe-doped mesoporous titanium dioxide nanocrystalline photocatalysts. Mater. Chem. Phys. 93(159) (2005). Dong, S., Xu, K., Liu, J. & Cui, H. Photocatalytic performance of ZnO: Fe array films under sunlight irradiation. Physica B406(3609) (2011). Chen, Z. P., Fang, W. Q., Zhang, B. & Yang, H. G.High-Yield Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of ZnFe2O4 Single Crystal Nanocubes in Aqueous Solution. J. Alloys Compd. 550(348) (2013). Le, T. H., Bui, A. T. & Le, T. K. The effect of Fe doping on the suppression of photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanopowder for the application in sunscreens. Powder Techn. 268(173) (2014). Bian, X. et al. Functional hierarchical nanocomposites based on ZnO nanowire and magnetic nanoparticle as highly active recyclable photocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. C119(1700) (2015). Zhang, Y., Ram, M. K., Stefanalkos, E. K. & Goswami, D. Y. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of iron doped zinc oxide nanowires for water decontamination, Surf. Coat. Technol. 217(119) (2013). Yu, T.-H., Cheng, W.-Y., Chao, K.-J. & Lu, S.-Y. ZnFe2O4 Decorated CdS Nanorods as a Highly Efficient, Visible Light Responsive, Photochemically Stable, Magnetically Recyclable Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Generation. Nanoscale5(7356) (2013). Groen, J. C., Peffer, L.A. & Perez-Rremirez, J. Pore size determination in modified micro-and mesoporous materials. Pitfalls and limitations in gas adsorption data analysis. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 60(1) (2003). Khodja, A., Sehili, T., Pilichowski, J. & Boule, P. Photocatalytic degradation of 2-phenylphenol on TiO2 and ZnO in aqueous suspensions. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A141(231) (2001). Saleh, R. & Djaja, N. F. UV light photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes with Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Superlattice Microst. 74(217) (2014). Cao, B. & Cai, W. From ZnO nanorods to nanoplates: chemical bath deposition growth and surface-related emissions. J. Phys. Chem. C112(680) (2008). Beltran, J. J., Barrero, C. A. & Punnoose, A. Understanding the role of iron in the magnetism of Fe doped ZnO nanoparticles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17(15284) (2015). Zhao, X. et al. Synergistic effect of Fe2O3/Ho2O3 co-modified 2D-titanate heterojunctions on enhanced photocatalytic degradation. Solid State Sci. 63(42) (2017). Wang, C., Shao, C., Liu, Y. & Li, X. Water-dichloromethane interface controlled synthesis of hierarchical rutile TiO2 superstructures and their photocatalytic properties. Inorg. Chem. 48(1105) (2009). Konstantinou, I. K. & Albanis, T. A. TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: kinetic and mechanistic investigations: a review. Appl. Catal. B, 49(1) (2004). Sar.avanan, R. et al. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite for the degradation of textile dye on visible light illumination, Materials Science and Engineering C33(91) (2013). Beltran, J. J., Barrero, C. A. & Punnoose, A. Combination of defects plus mixed valence of transition metals: A strong strategy for ferromagnetic enhancement in ZnO nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C120(8969) (2016). Koidl, P. Optical absorption of CO2+ in ZnO. Phys. Rev. B15(2493) (1977). Akpan, U.G. & Hameed, B. H. Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO2-based photocatalysts: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 170(520) (2009). 29025_CR30 29025_CR20 29025_CR21 29025_CR22 29025_CR23 29025_CR24 29025_CR25 29025_CR26 29025_CR27 29025_CR28 29025_CR29 29025_CR7 29025_CR6 29025_CR9 29025_CR8 29025_CR3 29025_CR2 29025_CR5 29025_CR4 29025_CR40 29025_CR41 29025_CR31 29025_CR32 29025_CR33 29025_CR34 29025_CR35 29025_CR36 29025_CR37 29025_CR38 29025_CR39 29025_CR1 29025_CR50 29025_CR51 29025_CR52 29025_CR42 29025_CR43 29025_CR44 29025_CR45 29025_CR46 29025_CR47 29025_CR48 29025_CR49 29025_CR53 29025_CR10 29025_CR11 29025_CR12 29025_CR13 29025_CR14 29025_CR15 29025_CR16 29025_CR17 29025_CR18 29025_CR19
References_xml	– reference: Moulder, J. & Chastain, J. Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A Reference Book of Standard Spectra for Identification and Interpretation of XPS Data. Phys. Electronics (1995). – reference: Neena, D. et al. Influence of (Co-Mn) co-doping on the microstructures, optical properties of sol-gel derived ZnO nanoparticles, Eur. Phys. J. D2016 (70) 53. – reference: Priyanka & Srivastava, V. C. Photocatalytic oxidation of dye bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc oxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52(17790) (2013). – reference: Saravanan, R. et al. ZnO/Ag nanocomposite: An efficient catalyst for degradation studies of textile effluents under visible light Materials Science and Engineering C 33(2235) (2013). – reference: Zhou, M. H., Yu, J. G., Cheng, B. & Yu, H. G. Photocatalytic activity of Fe-doped mesoporous titanium dioxide nanocrystalline photocatalysts. Mater. Chem. Phys. 93(159) (2005). – reference: Groen, J. C., Peffer, L.A. & Perez-Rremirez, J. Pore size determination in modified micro-and mesoporous materials. Pitfalls and limitations in gas adsorption data analysis. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 60(1) (2003). – reference: Chen, Z. P., Fang, W. Q., Zhang, B. & Yang, H. G.High-Yield Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of ZnFe2O4 Single Crystal Nanocubes in Aqueous Solution. J. Alloys Compd. 550(348) (2013). – reference: Korbahti, B. K., Artut, K., Gecgel, C. & Ozer, A. Electrochemical decolorization of textile dyes and removal of metal ions from textile dye and metal ion binary mixtures. Chem. Eng. J. 173(677) (2011). – reference: Saleh, R. & Djaja, N. F. UV light photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes with Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Superlattice Microst. 74(217) (2014). – reference: Cao, B. & Cai, W. From ZnO nanorods to nanoplates: chemical bath deposition growth and surface-related emissions. J. Phys. Chem. C112(680) (2008). – reference: Beltran, J. J., Barrero, C. A. & Punnoose, A. Evidence of Ferromagnetic Signal Enhancement in Fe and Co Co-doped ZnO Nanoparticles by Increasing Superficial Co3+ Content. J. Phys. Chem. C118(13203) (2014). – reference: Yousef, A. et al. Influence of CdO-doping on the photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanofibers: effective visible light photocatalyst for waste water treatment. J. Lumin. 132(1668) (2012). – reference: Khodja, A., Sehili, T., Pilichowski, J. & Boule, P. Photocatalytic degradation of 2-phenylphenol on TiO2 and ZnO in aqueous suspensions. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A141(231) (2001). – reference: Zhang, Y. & Li, Q. Synthesis and characterization of Fe-doped TiO2 films by electrophoretic method and its photocatalytic activity toward methyl orange. Solid State Sci. 16(16) (2013). – reference: Akpan, U.G. & Hameed, B. H. Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO2-based photocatalysts: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 170(520) (2009). – reference: Bian, S., Mudunkotuwa, I. A., Rupasinghe, T. & Grassian, V. H. Aggregation and Dissolution of 4 nm ZnO Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environments: Influence of pH, Ionic Strength, Size and Adsorption of Humic Acid. Langmuir 27(6059) (2011). – reference: Lu, D. et al. Two- dimensional TiO2-based nanosheets co-modified by surface-enriched carbon dots and Gd2O3 nanoparticles for efficient visible-light-driven photocatysis. Appl. Sur. Sci. 396(185) (2017). – reference: Sar.avanan, R. et al. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite for the degradation of textile dye on visible light illumination, Materials Science and Engineering C33(91) (2013). – reference: Zhu, C. et al. Photocatalytic degradation of AZO dyes by supported TiO2+UV in aqueous solution. Chemosphere41(303) (2000). – reference: Joo, J. B. et al. Controllable Synthesis of Mesoporous TiO2 Hollow Shells: Toward an Efficient Photocatalyst. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(4246) (2013). – reference: Wang, Y., Wang, F. & He, J. Controlled fabrication and photocatalytic properties of a three-dimensional ZnO nanowire/reduced graphene oxide/CdS heterostructure on carbon cloth. Nanoscale5(11291) (2013). – reference: Yu, T.-H., Cheng, W.-Y., Chao, K.-J. & Lu, S.-Y. ZnFe2O4 Decorated CdS Nanorods as a Highly Efficient, Visible Light Responsive, Photochemically Stable, Magnetically Recyclable Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Generation. Nanoscale5(7356) (2013). – reference: Sajjad, A. K. L., Shmaila, S., Tian, B. Z., Chen, F. & Zhang, J. L. Comparative studies of operational parameters of degradation of Azo dyes in visible light by highly efficient WO x/TiO2 photocatalyst. J. Hazard. Mater. 177(781) (2010). – reference: Kant, S., Pathania, D., Singh, P., Dhiman, P. & Kumar, A. Removal of malachite green and methylene blue by Fe0.01Ni0.01Zn0.98O/polyacrylamide nanocomposite using coupled adsorption and photocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B147(340) (2014). – reference: Zhao, X. et al. Synergistic effect of Fe2O3/Ho2O3 co-modified 2D-titanate heterojunctions on enhanced photocatalytic degradation. Solid State Sci. 63(42) (2017). – reference: Hou, D., Goei, R., Wang, X., Wanga, P. & Lim, T.-T. Preparation of carbon-sensitized and Fe–Er co-doped TiO2 with response surface methodology for bisphenol A photocatalytic degradation under visible-light irradiation. Appl. Catal. B126(121) (2012). – reference: Jiang, J. et al. Band gap modulation of ZnCdO alloy thin films with different Cd contents grown by pulsed laser deposition. J. Alloy. Compd. 547(59) (2013). – reference: Koidl, P. Optical absorption of CO2+ in ZnO. Phys. Rev. B15(2493) (1977). – reference: Li, D., Muller, M. B., Gilje, S., Kaner, R. B. & Wallace, G. G. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(101) (2008). – reference: Le, T. H., Bui, A. T. & Le, T. K. The effect of Fe doping on the suppression of photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanopowder for the application in sunscreens. Powder Techn. 268(173) (2014). – reference: Dong, S., Xu, K., Liu, J. & Cui, H. Photocatalytic performance of ZnO: Fe array films under sunlight irradiation. Physica B406(3609) (2011). – reference: Wang, C., Shao, C., Liu, Y. & Li, X. Water-dichloromethane interface controlled synthesis of hierarchical rutile TiO2 superstructures and their photocatalytic properties. Inorg. Chem. 48(1105) (2009). – reference: Saravanan, R. et al. ZnO/Ag/Mn2O3nanocomposite for visible light induced industrial textile effluent degradation, uric acid and ascorbic acid sensing and antimicrobial activity RSC Adv5(34645) (2015). – reference: Peng, Y., Qin, S., Wang, W.-S. & Xu, A.-W. Fabrication of porous Cd-doped ZnO nanorods with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability. Cryst. Eng. Comm. 15(6518) (2013). – reference: Ansari, S. A., Khan, M. M., Ansari, M. O., Lee, J. & Cho, M. H. Biogenic synthesis, photocatalytic, and photo-electrochemical performance of Ag–ZnO nanocomposite. J. Phys. Chem. C117(27023) (2013). – reference: Zhang, Y., Ram, M. K., Stefanalkos, E. K. & Goswami, D. Y. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of iron doped zinc oxide nanowires for water decontamination, Surf. Coat. Technol. 217(119) (2013). – reference: Barick, K. C., Singh, S., Aslam, M. & Bahadur, D. Porosity and photocatalytic studies of transition metal doped ZnO nanoclusters. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 134(195) (2010). – reference: Jantawasu, P., Sreethawong, T. & Chavadej, S. Photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline mesoporous-assembled TiO2 photocatalyst for degradation of methyl orange monoazo dye in aqueous wastewater. Chem. Eng. J. 155(223) (2009). – reference: Mahnoodi, M., Armani, M., Lymaee, N. Y. & Gharanjig, K. Photocatalytic degradation of agricultural N-heterocyclic organic pollutants using immobilized nanoparticles of titania. J. Hazard. Mater. 145(65) (2007). – reference: Beltran, J. J., Barrero, C. A. & Punnoose, A. Combination of defects plus mixed valence of transition metals: A strong strategy for ferromagnetic enhancement in ZnO nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C120(8969) (2016). – reference: Bian, X. et al. Functional hierarchical nanocomposites based on ZnO nanowire and magnetic nanoparticle as highly active recyclable photocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. C119(1700) (2015). – reference: Konstantinou, I. K. & Albanis, T. A. TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: kinetic and mechanistic investigations: a review. Appl. Catal. B, 49(1) (2004). – reference: Beltran, J. J., Barrero, C. A. & Punnoose, A. Understanding the role of iron in the magnetism of Fe doped ZnO nanoparticles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17(15284) (2015). – reference: Ba-Abbad, M. M., Kadhum, A. A. H., Mohamad, A. B., Takriff, M. S. & Sopian, K. 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Hazard. Mater. 243(179) (2012). – reference: Bie, X. et al. Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Pure ZnO Nanoflowers. Solid State Sci. 12(1364) (2010). – reference: Arques, A., Amat, A. M., Garcia-Ripoll, A. & Vicente, R. Detoxification and/or increase of the biodegradability of aqueous solutions of dimethoate by means of solar photocatalysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 146(447) (2007). – reference: Kim, K. J. & Park, Y. R. Optical investigation of Zn1− xFexO films grown on Al2O3 (0001) by radio-frequency sputtering. J. Appl. Phys. 96(4150) (2004). – reference: Shtepliuk, I., Khyzhun, O., Lashkarev, G., Khomyak, V. & Lazorenko, V. XPS and Raman characterizations of Zn1−xCdxO films grown at the different growth conditions. Acta Phys. Pol. 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Snippet	A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning electron... Abstract A series of novel Fe-Cd co-doped ZnO nanoparticle based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by sol-gel route and characterized using scanning...
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SubjectTerms	140/146 639/301/299/890 704/172/169/896 Electrons Humanities and Social Sciences Investigations Irradiation Methylene blue Microscopy multidisciplinary Nanoparticles Photodegradation Photoelectron spectroscopy Recombination Rhodamine Scanning electron microscopy Science Science (multidisciplinary) Spectrum analysis Transmission electron microscopy Ultraviolet spectroscopy X-ray diffraction
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Title	Enhanced visible light photodegradation activity of RhB/MB from aqueous solution using nanosized novel Fe-Cd co-modified ZnO
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