Altered potassium channel distribution and composition in myelinated axons suppresses hyperexcitability following injury

Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury is associated with hyperexcitability in damaged myelinated sensory axons, which begins to normalise over time. We investigated the composition and distribution of shaker-type-potassium channels (Kv1 channels) within the nodal complex of myelinated a...

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Published ineLife Vol. 5; p. e12661
Main Authors Calvo, Margarita, Richards, Natalie, Schmid, Annina B, Barroso, Alejandro, Zhu, Lan, Ivulic, Dinka, Zhu, Ning, Anwandter, Philipp, Bhat, Manzoor A, Court, Felipe A, McMahon, Stephen B, Bennett, David L H
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Published England eLife Science Publications, Ltd 19.04.2016
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Abstract Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury is associated with hyperexcitability in damaged myelinated sensory axons, which begins to normalise over time. We investigated the composition and distribution of shaker-type-potassium channels (Kv1 channels) within the nodal complex of myelinated axons following injury. At the neuroma that forms after damage, expression of Kv1.1 and 1.2 (normally localised to the juxtaparanode) was markedly decreased. In contrast Kv1.4 and 1.6, which were hardly detectable in the naïve state, showed increased expression within juxtaparanodes and paranodes following injury, both in rats and humans. Within the dorsal root (a site remote from injury) we noted a redistribution of Kv1-channels towards the paranode. Blockade of Kv1 channels with α-DTX after injury reinstated hyperexcitability of A-fibre axons and enhanced mechanosensitivity. Changes in the molecular composition and distribution of axonal Kv1 channels, therefore represents a protective mechanism to suppress the hyperexcitability of myelinated sensory axons that follows nerve injury.
AbstractList Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury is associated with hyperexcitability in damaged myelinated sensory axons, which begins to normalise over time. We investigated the composition and distribution of shaker-type-potassium channels (Kv1 channels) within the nodal complex of myelinated axons following injury. At the neuroma that forms after damage, expression of Kv1.1 and 1.2 (normally localised to the juxtaparanode) was markedly decreased. In contrast Kv1.4 and 1.6, which were hardly detectable in the naïve state, showed increased expression within juxtaparanodes and paranodes following injury, both in rats and humans. Within the dorsal root (a site remote from injury) we noted a redistribution of Kv1-channels towards the paranode. Blockade of Kv1 channels with α-DTX after injury reinstated hyperexcitability of A-fibre axons and enhanced mechanosensitivity. Changes in the molecular composition and distribution of axonal Kv1 channels, therefore represents a protective mechanism to suppress the hyperexcitability of myelinated sensory axons that follows nerve injury.
Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury is associated with hyperexcitability in damaged myelinated sensory axons, which begins to normalise over time. We investigated the composition and distribution of shaker-type-potassium channels (Kv1 channels) within the nodal complex of myelinated axons following injury. At the neuroma that forms after damage, expression of Kv1.1 and 1.2 (normally localised to the juxtaparanode) was markedly decreased. In contrast Kv1.4 and 1.6, which were hardly detectable in the naïve state, showed increased expression within juxtaparanodes and paranodes following injury, both in rats and humans. Within the dorsal root (a site remote from injury) we noted a redistribution of Kv1-channels towards the paranode. Blockade of Kv1 channels with α-DTX after injury reinstated hyperexcitability of A-fibre axons and enhanced mechanosensitivity. Changes in the molecular composition and distribution of axonal Kv1 channels, therefore represents a protective mechanism to suppress the hyperexcitability of myelinated sensory axons that follows nerve injury. Around 20% of the world’s population experiences long-lasting “chronic” pain, which often results in poor sleep, depression and anxiety. One of the most disabling forms of chronic pain is called neuropathic pain, which results from injuries to sensory nerves. Pain or discomfort is felt in response to touches that are not normally painful. Neuropathic pain is difficult to treat as we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms that cause it. Stimulating a nerve causes it to produce action potentials. At a molecular level, these action potentials are generated by ions moving into and out of the neuron through proteins called ion channels. The movement of sodium ions into a neuron triggers an action potential, and the movement of potassium ions out of the neuron returns it to a resting state. After a sensory nerve is cut or otherwise damaged it becomes hyperactive and produces spontaneous electrical activity that the brain interprets as pain signals. However, it is not fully understood how cutting a nerve affects the ion channels in a way that generates this hyperactivity. Different types of ion channel are found in different regions of the nerve cell; for example, type 1 potassium channels are normally found in a region called the juxtaparanode at the axon of the neuron. Calvo et al. have now tracked what happens to type 1 potassium channels after nerve injury in rats. Soon after nerve damage occurred, nearly all of these ion channels disappeared from the juxtaparanode. At the same time, electrical activity in the cut nerve increased, and the recovering animals responded in ways that suggested they were hypersensitive to the nerve being touched. Three weeks after the injury, most rats lost their hypersensitivity and the electrical activity in the cut nerve returned to near-normal levels. Calvo et al. found that the recovering nerves contained new subtypes of type 1 potassium channels. These potassium channels did not just appear in the juxtaparanode: they also invaded the ‘fence’ region that normally separates potassium channels from sodium channels. The same was observed to happen in the nerves of patients that suffer from neuropathic pain due to a nerve injury. At this late time point after nerve injury, blocking the activity of potassium channels produced the same abnormal increase in the nerve’s electrical activity as seen immediately after the nerve had been cut. The rats’ hypersensitivity to touch also returned. This suggests that the appearance of the new potassium channel subtypes might be a protective mechanism that reduces the activity of a damaged nerve to decrease pain. These findings suggest new ways of treating neuropathic pain. Further studies are now needed to investigate whether drugs that can activate the new potassium channel subtypes could stop pain from an injured nerve becoming a long-term problem.
Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury is associated with hyperexcitability in damaged myelinated sensory axons, which begins to normalise over time. We investigated the composition and distribution of shaker-type-potassium channels (Kv1 channels) within the nodal complex of myelinated axons following injury. At the neuroma that forms after damage, expression of Kv1.1 and 1.2 (normally localised to the juxtaparanode) was markedly decreased. In contrast Kv1.4 and 1.6, which were hardly detectable in the naïve state, showed increased expression within juxtaparanodes and paranodes following injury, both in rats and humans. Within the dorsal root (a site remote from injury) we noted a redistribution of Kv1-channels towards the paranode. Blockade of Kv1 channels with α-DTX after injury reinstated hyperexcitability of A-fibre axons and enhanced mechanosensitivity. Changes in the molecular composition and distribution of axonal Kv1 channels, therefore represents a protective mechanism to suppress the hyperexcitability of myelinated sensory axons that follows nerve injury. DOI: eLife digest Around 20% of the world's population experiences long-lasting "chronic" pain, which often results in poor sleep, depression and anxiety. One of the most disabling forms of chronic pain is called neuropathic pain, which results from injuries to sensory nerves. Pain or discomfort is felt in response to touches that are not normally painful. Neuropathic pain is difficult to treat as we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms that cause it. Stimulating a nerve causes it to produce action potentials. At a molecular level, these action potentials are generated by ions moving into and out of the neuron through proteins called ion channels. The movement of sodium ions into a neuron triggers an action potential, and the movement of potassium ions out of the neuron returns it to a resting state. After a sensory nerve is cut or otherwise damaged it becomes hyperactive and produces spontaneous electrical activity that the brain interprets as pain signals. However, it is not fully understood how cutting a nerve affects the ion channels in a way that generates this hyperactivity. Different types of ion channel are found in different regions of the nerve cell; for example, type 1 potassium channels are normally found in a region called the juxtaparanode at the axon of the neuron. Calvo et al. have now tracked what happens to type 1 potassium channels after nerve injury in rats. Soon after nerve damage occurred, nearly all of these ion channels disappeared from the juxtaparanode. At the same time, electrical activity in the cut nerve increased, and the recovering animals responded in ways that suggested they were hypersensitive to the nerve being touched. Three weeks after the injury, most rats lost their hypersensitivity and the electrical activity in the cut nerve returned to near-normal levels. Calvo et al. found that the recovering nerves contained new subtypes of type 1 potassium channels. These potassium channels did not just appear in the juxtaparanode: they also invaded the 'fence' region that normally separates potassium channels from sodium channels. The same was observed to happen in the nerves of patients that suffer from neuropathic pain due to a nerve injury. At this late time point after nerve injury, blocking the activity of potassium channels produced the same abnormal increase in the nerve's electrical activity as seen immediately after the nerve had been cut. The rats' hypersensitivity to touch also returned. This suggests that the appearance of the new potassium channel subtypes might be a protective mechanism that reduces the activity of a damaged nerve to decrease pain. These findings suggest new ways of treating neuropathic pain. Further studies are now needed to investigate whether drugs that can activate the new potassium channel subtypes could stop pain from an injured nerve becoming a long-term problem. DOI:
Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury is associated with hyperexcitability in damaged myelinated sensory axons, which begins to normalise over time. We investigated the composition and distribution of shaker-type-potassium channels (Kv1 channels) within the nodal complex of myelinated axons following injury. At the neuroma that forms after damage, expression of Kv1.1 and 1.2 (normally localised to the juxtaparanode) was markedly decreased. In contrast Kv1.4 and 1.6, which were hardly detectable in the naïve state, showed increased expression within juxtaparanodes and paranodes following injury, both in rats and humans. Within the dorsal root (a site remote from injury) we noted a redistribution of Kv1-channels towards the paranode. Blockade of Kv1 channels with α-DTX after injury reinstated hyperexcitability of A-fibre axons and enhanced mechanosensitivity. Changes in the molecular composition and distribution of axonal Kv1 channels, therefore represents a protective mechanism to suppress the hyperexcitability of myelinated sensory axons that follows nerve injury.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12661.001
Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury is associated with hyperexcitability in damaged myelinated sensory axons, which begins to normalise over time. We investigated the composition and distribution of shaker-type-potassium channels (Kv1 channels) within the nodal complex of myelinated axons following injury. At the neuroma that forms after damage, expression of Kv1.1 and 1.2 (normally localised to the juxtaparanode) was markedly decreased. In contrast Kv1.4 and 1.6, which were hardly detectable in the naïve state, showed increased expression within juxtaparanodes and paranodes following injury, both in rats and humans. Within the dorsal root (a site remote from injury) we noted a redistribution of Kv1-channels towards the paranode. Blockade of Kv1 channels with α-DTX after injury reinstated hyperexcitability of A-fibre axons and enhanced mechanosensitivity. Changes in the molecular composition and distribution of axonal Kv1 channels, therefore represents a protective mechanism to suppress the hyperexcitability of myelinated sensory axons that follows nerve injury. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12661.001 Around 20% of the world’s population experiences long-lasting “chronic” pain, which often results in poor sleep, depression and anxiety. One of the most disabling forms of chronic pain is called neuropathic pain, which results from injuries to sensory nerves. Pain or discomfort is felt in response to touches that are not normally painful. Neuropathic pain is difficult to treat as we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms that cause it. Stimulating a nerve causes it to produce action potentials. At a molecular level, these action potentials are generated by ions moving into and out of the neuron through proteins called ion channels. The movement of sodium ions into a neuron triggers an action potential, and the movement of potassium ions out of the neuron returns it to a resting state. After a sensory nerve is cut or otherwise damaged it becomes hyperactive and produces spontaneous electrical activity that the brain interprets as pain signals. However, it is not fully understood how cutting a nerve affects the ion channels in a way that generates this hyperactivity. Different types of ion channel are found in different regions of the nerve cell; for example, type 1 potassium channels are normally found in a region called the juxtaparanode at the axon of the neuron. Calvo et al. have now tracked what happens to type 1 potassium channels after nerve injury in rats. Soon after nerve damage occurred, nearly all of these ion channels disappeared from the juxtaparanode. At the same time, electrical activity in the cut nerve increased, and the recovering animals responded in ways that suggested they were hypersensitive to the nerve being touched. Three weeks after the injury, most rats lost their hypersensitivity and the electrical activity in the cut nerve returned to near-normal levels. Calvo et al. found that the recovering nerves contained new subtypes of type 1 potassium channels. These potassium channels did not just appear in the juxtaparanode: they also invaded the ‘fence’ region that normally separates potassium channels from sodium channels. The same was observed to happen in the nerves of patients that suffer from neuropathic pain due to a nerve injury. At this late time point after nerve injury, blocking the activity of potassium channels produced the same abnormal increase in the nerve’s electrical activity as seen immediately after the nerve had been cut. The rats’ hypersensitivity to touch also returned. This suggests that the appearance of the new potassium channel subtypes might be a protective mechanism that reduces the activity of a damaged nerve to decrease pain. These findings suggest new ways of treating neuropathic pain. Further studies are now needed to investigate whether drugs that can activate the new potassium channel subtypes could stop pain from an injured nerve becoming a long-term problem. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12661.002
Audience Academic
Author Zhu, Ning
McMahon, Stephen B
Richards, Natalie
Schmid, Annina B
Court, Felipe A
Calvo, Margarita
Bhat, Manzoor A
Anwandter, Philipp
Barroso, Alejandro
Zhu, Lan
Ivulic, Dinka
Bennett, David L H
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27033551$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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IsDoiOpenAccess true
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Keywords juxtaparanode
neuropathic pain
hypersensitivity
rat
neuroscience
shaker type potassium channels
neuropathy
human
Language English
License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
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content type line 23
These authors contributed equally to this work.
ORCID 0000-0003-3349-9189
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4841771/
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Snippet Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury is associated with hyperexcitability in damaged myelinated sensory axons, which begins to normalise over...
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StartPage e12661
SubjectTerms Action Potentials
Animals
Axons
Axons - physiology
Health aspects
Humans
hypersensitivity
juxtaparanode
Localization
Neural circuitry
Neurons
neuropathic pain
neuropathy
Neuroscience
Pain
Peripheral nerve diseases
Peripheral Nerve Injuries - physiopathology
Peripheral neuropathy
Potassium channels
Potassium channels (voltage-gated)
Prevention
Rats
Rodents
Sensory neurons
Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels - metabolism
shaker type potassium channels
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Title Altered potassium channel distribution and composition in myelinated axons suppresses hyperexcitability following injury
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27033551
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Volume 5
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