Infrared Thermography as a Diagnostic Tool for the Assessment of Mastitis in Dairy Ruminants
Among the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Currently, the available methods for the early detection of mastitis are either inaccurate, requiring further valid...
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| Published in | Animals (Basel) Vol. 14; no. 18; p. 2691 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
16.09.2024
MDPI |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2076-2615 2076-2615 |
| DOI | 10.3390/ani14182691 |
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| Abstract | Among the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Currently, the available methods for the early detection of mastitis are either inaccurate, requiring further validation, or expensive and labor intensive. Moreover, most of them cannot be applied at the point of care. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a rapid, non-invasive technology that can be used in situ to measure udder temperature and identify variations and inconsistencies thereof, serving as a benchmarking tool for the assessment of udders’ physiological and/or health status. Despite the numerous applications in livestock farming, IRT is still underexploited due to the lack of standardized operation procedures and significant gaps regarding the optimum settings of the thermal cameras, which are currently exploited on a case-specific basis. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was twofold: first, to provide the state of knowledge on the applications of IRT for the assessment of udder health status in dairy ruminants, and second, to summarize and discuss the major strengths and weaknesses of IRT application at the point of care, as well as future challenges and opportunities of its extensive adoption for the diagnosis of udder health status and control of mastitis at the animal and herd levels. |
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| AbstractList | Among the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Currently, the available methods for the early detection of mastitis are either inaccurate, requiring further validation, or expensive and labor intensive. Moreover, most of them cannot be applied at the point of care. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a rapid, non-invasive technology that can be used in situ to measure udder temperature and identify variations and inconsistencies thereof, serving as a benchmarking tool for the assessment of udders' physiological and/or health status. Despite the numerous applications in livestock farming, IRT is still underexploited due to the lack of standardized operation procedures and significant gaps regarding the optimum settings of the thermal cameras, which are currently exploited on a case-specific basis. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was twofold: first, to provide the state of knowledge on the applications of IRT for the assessment of udder health status in dairy ruminants, and second, to summarize and discuss the major strengths and weaknesses of IRT application at the point of care, as well as future challenges and opportunities of its extensive adoption for the diagnosis of udder health status and control of mastitis at the animal and herd levels.Among the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Currently, the available methods for the early detection of mastitis are either inaccurate, requiring further validation, or expensive and labor intensive. Moreover, most of them cannot be applied at the point of care. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a rapid, non-invasive technology that can be used in situ to measure udder temperature and identify variations and inconsistencies thereof, serving as a benchmarking tool for the assessment of udders' physiological and/or health status. Despite the numerous applications in livestock farming, IRT is still underexploited due to the lack of standardized operation procedures and significant gaps regarding the optimum settings of the thermal cameras, which are currently exploited on a case-specific basis. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was twofold: first, to provide the state of knowledge on the applications of IRT for the assessment of udder health status in dairy ruminants, and second, to summarize and discuss the major strengths and weaknesses of IRT application at the point of care, as well as future challenges and opportunities of its extensive adoption for the diagnosis of udder health status and control of mastitis at the animal and herd levels. Among the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Currently, the available methods for the early detection of mastitis are either inaccurate, requiring further validation, or expensive and labor intensive. Moreover, most of them cannot be applied at the point of care. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a rapid, non-invasive technology that can be used in situ to measure udder temperature and identify variations and inconsistencies thereof, serving as a benchmarking tool for the assessment of udders’ physiological and/or health status. Despite the numerous applications in livestock farming, IRT is still underexploited due to the lack of standardized operation procedures and significant gaps regarding the optimum settings of the thermal cameras, which are currently exploited on a case-specific basis. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was twofold: first, to provide the state of knowledge on the applications of IRT for the assessment of udder health status in dairy ruminants, and second, to summarize and discuss the major strengths and weaknesses of IRT application at the point of care, as well as future challenges and opportunities of its extensive adoption for the diagnosis of udder health status and control of mastitis at the animal and herd levels. Infrared thermography is a rapid, contactless technology that can provide real-time temperature measurements, with various applications in livestock science within the framework of precision livestock farming. The aim of the current review paper is to present the updated state of knowledge regarding the detection of mastitis in dairy ruminants using infrared thermography. Therefore, it summarizes the technological advancements, the diagnostic capacity, and the operational and analytical challenges of the method when applied under real-world conditions as a diagnostic tool for mastitis, while factors associated with the performance of the method are critically described and discussed to justify recognized strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of the method. Simple SummaryInfrared thermography is a rapid, contactless technology that can provide real-time temperature measurements, with various applications in livestock science within the framework of precision livestock farming. The aim of the current review paper is to present the updated state of knowledge regarding the detection of mastitis in dairy ruminants using infrared thermography. Therefore, it summarizes the technological advancements, the diagnostic capacity, and the operational and analytical challenges of the method when applied under real-world conditions as a diagnostic tool for mastitis, while factors associated with the performance of the method are critically described and discussed to justify recognized strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of the method.AbstractAmong the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Currently, the available methods for the early detection of mastitis are either inaccurate, requiring further validation, or expensive and labor intensive. Moreover, most of them cannot be applied at the point of care. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a rapid, non-invasive technology that can be used in situ to measure udder temperature and identify variations and inconsistencies thereof, serving as a benchmarking tool for the assessment of udders’ physiological and/or health status. Despite the numerous applications in livestock farming, IRT is still underexploited due to the lack of standardized operation procedures and significant gaps regarding the optimum settings of the thermal cameras, which are currently exploited on a case-specific basis. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was twofold: first, to provide the state of knowledge on the applications of IRT for the assessment of udder health status in dairy ruminants, and second, to summarize and discuss the major strengths and weaknesses of IRT application at the point of care, as well as future challenges and opportunities of its extensive adoption for the diagnosis of udder health status and control of mastitis at the animal and herd levels. Infrared thermography is a rapid, contactless technology that can provide real-time temperature measurements, with various applications in livestock science within the framework of precision livestock farming. The aim of the current review paper is to present the updated state of knowledge regarding the detection of mastitis in dairy ruminants using infrared thermography. Therefore, it summarizes the technological advancements, the diagnostic capacity, and the operational and analytical challenges of the method when applied under real-world conditions as a diagnostic tool for mastitis, while factors associated with the performance of the method are critically described and discussed to justify recognized strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of the method. Among the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Currently, the available methods for the early detection of mastitis are either inaccurate, requiring further validation, or expensive and labor intensive. Moreover, most of them cannot be applied at the point of care. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a rapid, non-invasive technology that can be used in situ to measure udder temperature and identify variations and inconsistencies thereof, serving as a benchmarking tool for the assessment of udders’ physiological and/or health status. Despite the numerous applications in livestock farming, IRT is still underexploited due to the lack of standardized operation procedures and significant gaps regarding the optimum settings of the thermal cameras, which are currently exploited on a case-specific basis. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was twofold: first, to provide the state of knowledge on the applications of IRT for the assessment of udder health status in dairy ruminants, and second, to summarize and discuss the major strengths and weaknesses of IRT application at the point of care, as well as future challenges and opportunities of its extensive adoption for the diagnosis of udder health status and control of mastitis at the animal and herd levels. Among the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Currently, the available methods for the early detection of mastitis are either inaccurate, requiring further validation, or expensive and labor intensive. Moreover, most of them cannot be applied at the point of care. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a rapid, non-invasive technology that can be used to measure udder temperature and identify variations and inconsistencies thereof, serving as a benchmarking tool for the assessment of udders' physiological and/or health status. Despite the numerous applications in livestock farming, IRT is still underexploited due to the lack of standardized operation procedures and significant gaps regarding the optimum settings of the thermal cameras, which are currently exploited on a case-specific basis. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was twofold: first, to provide the state of knowledge on the applications of IRT for the assessment of udder health status in dairy ruminants, and second, to summarize and discuss the major strengths and weaknesses of IRT application at the point of care, as well as future challenges and opportunities of its extensive adoption for the diagnosis of udder health status and control of mastitis at the animal and herd levels. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Massouras, Theofilos Korelidou, Vera Simitzis, Panagiotis Gelasakis, Athanasios I. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; pansimitzis@aua.gr 3 Laboratory of Dairy Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; theomas@aua.gr 1 Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; vkorelidou@aua.gr |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; pansimitzis@aua.gr – name: 1 Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; vkorelidou@aua.gr – name: 3 Laboratory of Dairy Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; theomas@aua.gr |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Vera orcidid: 0009-0008-4795-1141 surname: Korelidou fullname: Korelidou, Vera – sequence: 2 givenname: Panagiotis orcidid: 0000-0002-1450-4037 surname: Simitzis fullname: Simitzis, Panagiotis – sequence: 3 givenname: Theofilos orcidid: 0000-0002-5419-1290 surname: Massouras fullname: Massouras, Theofilos – sequence: 4 givenname: Athanasios I. orcidid: 0000-0003-1144-3918 surname: Gelasakis fullname: Gelasakis, Athanasios I. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39335280$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_ani15050658 crossref_primary_10_3390_chemosensors12120263 crossref_primary_10_56845_terys_v3i1_196 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_micpath_2024_107233 |
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| Snippet | Among the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised... Infrared thermography is a rapid, contactless technology that can provide real-time temperature measurements, with various applications in livestock science... Simple SummaryInfrared thermography is a rapid, contactless technology that can provide real-time temperature measurements, with various applications in... |
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| SubjectTerms | animal health Biomarkers Dairy industry diagnosis diagnostic techniques Enzymes health status herds infrared thermography labor Livestock Livestock farms Mastitis Methods Military electronics industry Milk Pathogens Physiology point-of-care systems Review ruminants Technology application temperature thermal imaging thermography udder temperature udders User training |
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| Title | Infrared Thermography as a Diagnostic Tool for the Assessment of Mastitis in Dairy Ruminants |
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