Depression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers

• Published in: Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) Vol. 14; pp. 1715 - 1723
• Main Authors: Pine, Nicola S, Pine, Keith R
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New Zealand Dove Medical Press Limited 01.01.2020; Taylor & Francis Ltd; Dove; Dove Medical Press
• Subjects: Age; Anxiety; Likert scale; Mental depression; mental health; ocular prosthesis; Original Research; Prostheses; Prostheses and implants; psychological impact; psychology; Quantitative psychology; Questionnaires; Self image; Social support; Stress (Psychology); Studies; Validity; Visual perception; New Zealand; ocular prosthesis; psychological impact; psychology; mental health
• DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S254910
• ISSN: 1177-5467; 1177-5483

This study explores the role of appearance, mucoid discharge, visual perception and functional problems as indicators for depression, anxiety and stress amongst prosthetic eye wearers. A total of 217 anophthalmic patients who had worn a prosthetic eye for at least two years and were older than 16 years completed an anonymous questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to investigate differences and correlations between variables. The mean scores for depression, anxiety, and stress fell within the accepted normal ranges; however, 11% of participants experienced moderate depression, while 7% experienced severe or extremely severe levels. Ten percent were moderately anxious, and 7% were severely or extremely severely anxious. Five percent of participants were moderately stressed, while 7% were severely or extremely severely stressed. Social settings are important predictors for depression, whereas anxiety and stress appear to derive more from appearance concerns and practical issues. Prosthetic eye wearers with employment, leisure and social functioning issues are at higher risk of depression, anxiety and stress, as well as appearance, anxiety and not feeling accepted by society. Older patients and those who feel accepted by society appear to suffer less anxiety and stress. It is recommended that psychologists be a part of an integrated team to address the needs of anophthalmic patients.