Using social and mobile tools for weight loss in overweight and obese young adults (Project SMART): a 2 year, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial
Few weight loss interventions are evaluated for longer than a year, and even fewer employ social and mobile technologies commonly used among young adults. We assessed the efficacy of a 2 year, theory-based, weight loss intervention that was remotely and adaptively delivered via integrated user exper...
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| Published in | The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology Vol. 4; no. 9; pp. 747 - 755 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Elsevier Ltd
01.09.2016
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2213-8587 2213-8595 2213-8595 |
| DOI | 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30105-X |
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| Abstract | Few weight loss interventions are evaluated for longer than a year, and even fewer employ social and mobile technologies commonly used among young adults. We assessed the efficacy of a 2 year, theory-based, weight loss intervention that was remotely and adaptively delivered via integrated user experiences with Facebook, mobile apps, text messaging, emails, a website, and technology-mediated communication with a health coach (the SMART intervention).
In this parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial, we enrolled overweight or obese college students (aged 18–35 years) from three universities in San Diego, CA, USA. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either the intervention (SMART intervention group) or general information about health and wellness (control group). We used computer-based permuted-block randomisation with block sizes of four, stratified by sex, ethnicity, and college. Participants, study staff, and investigators were masked until the intervention was assigned. The primary outcome was objectively measured weight in kg at 24 months. Differences between groups were evaluated using linear mixed-effects regression within an intention-to-treat framework. Objectively measured weight at 6, 12, and 18 months was included as a secondary outcome. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01200459.
Between May 18, 2011, and May 17, 2012, 404 individuals were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=202) or control (n=202). Participants' mean (SD) age was 22·7 (3·8) years. 284 (70%) participants were female and 125 (31%) were Hispanic. Mean (SD) body-mass index at baseline was 29·0 (2·8) kg/m2. At 24 months, weight was assessed in 341 (84%) participants, but all 404 were included in analyses. Weight, adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and college, was not significantly different between the groups at 24 months (−0·79 kg [95% CI −2·02 to 0·43], p=0·204). However, weight was significantly less in the intervention group compared with the control group at 6 months (−1·33 kg [95% CI −2·36 to −0·30], p=0·011) and 12 months (−1·33 kg [–2·30 to −0·35], p=0·008), but not 18 months (−0·67 kg [95% CI −1·69 to 0·35], p=0·200). One serious adverse event in the intervention group (gallstones) could be attributable to rapid and excessive weight loss.
Social and mobile technologies did not facilitate sustained reductions in weight among young adults, although these approaches might facilitate limited short-term weight loss.
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (U01 HL096715). |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Summary Background Few weight loss interventions are evaluated for longer than a year, and even fewer employ social and mobile technologies commonly used among young adults. We assessed the efficacy of a 2 year, theory-based, weight loss intervention that was remotely and adaptively delivered via integrated user experiences with Facebook, mobile apps, text messaging, emails, a website, and technology-mediated communication with a health coach (the SMART intervention). Methods In this parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial, we enrolled overweight or obese college students (aged 18–35 years) from three universities in San Diego, CA, USA. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either the intervention (SMART intervention group) or general information about health and wellness (control group). We used computer-based permuted-block randomisation with block sizes of four, stratified by sex, ethnicity, and college. Participants, study staff, and investigators were masked until the intervention was assigned. The primary outcome was objectively measured weight in kg at 24 months. Differences between groups were evaluated using linear mixed-effects regression within an intention-to-treat framework. Objectively measured weight at 6, 12, and 18 months was included as a secondary outcome. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT01200459. Findings Between May 18, 2011, and May 17, 2012, 404 individuals were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=202) or control (n=202). Participants' mean (SD) age was 22·7 (3·8) years. 284 (70%) participants were female and 125 (31%) were Hispanic. Mean (SD) body-mass index at baseline was 29·0 (2·8) kg/m2 . At 24 months, weight was assessed in 341 (84%) participants, but all 404 were included in analyses. Weight, adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and college, was not significantly different between the groups at 24 months (−0·79 kg [95% CI −2·02 to 0·43], p=0·204). However, weight was significantly less in the intervention group compared with the control group at 6 months (−1·33 kg [95% CI −2·36 to −0·30], p=0·011) and 12 months (−1·33 kg [–2·30 to −0·35], p=0·008), but not 18 months (−0·67 kg [95% CI −1·69 to 0·35], p=0·200). One serious adverse event in the intervention group (gallstones) could be attributable to rapid and excessive weight loss. Interpretation Social and mobile technologies did not facilitate sustained reductions in weight among young adults, although these approaches might facilitate limited short-term weight loss. Funding The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (U01 HL096715). Few weight loss interventions are evaluated for longer than a year, and even fewer employ social and mobile technologies commonly used among young adults. We assessed the efficacy of a 2 year, theory-based, weight loss intervention that was remotely and adaptively delivered via integrated user experiences with Facebook, mobile apps, text messaging, emails, a website, and technology-mediated communication with a health coach (the SMART intervention). In this parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial, we enrolled overweight or obese college students (aged 18–35 years) from three universities in San Diego, CA, USA. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either the intervention (SMART intervention group) or general information about health and wellness (control group). We used computer-based permuted-block randomisation with block sizes of four, stratified by sex, ethnicity, and college. Participants, study staff, and investigators were masked until the intervention was assigned. The primary outcome was objectively measured weight in kg at 24 months. Differences between groups were evaluated using linear mixed-effects regression within an intention-to-treat framework. Objectively measured weight at 6, 12, and 18 months was included as a secondary outcome. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01200459. Between May 18, 2011, and May 17, 2012, 404 individuals were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=202) or control (n=202). Participants' mean (SD) age was 22·7 (3·8) years. 284 (70%) participants were female and 125 (31%) were Hispanic. Mean (SD) body-mass index at baseline was 29·0 (2·8) kg/m2. At 24 months, weight was assessed in 341 (84%) participants, but all 404 were included in analyses. Weight, adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and college, was not significantly different between the groups at 24 months (−0·79 kg [95% CI −2·02 to 0·43], p=0·204). However, weight was significantly less in the intervention group compared with the control group at 6 months (−1·33 kg [95% CI −2·36 to −0·30], p=0·011) and 12 months (−1·33 kg [–2·30 to −0·35], p=0·008), but not 18 months (−0·67 kg [95% CI −1·69 to 0·35], p=0·200). One serious adverse event in the intervention group (gallstones) could be attributable to rapid and excessive weight loss. Social and mobile technologies did not facilitate sustained reductions in weight among young adults, although these approaches might facilitate limited short-term weight loss. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (U01 HL096715). Few weight loss interventions are evaluated for longer than a year, and even fewer employ social and mobile technologies commonly used among young adults. We assessed the efficacy of a 2 year, theory-based, weight loss intervention that was remotely and adaptively delivered via integrated user experiences with Facebook, mobile apps, text messaging, emails, a website, and technology-mediated communication with a health coach (the SMART intervention). In this parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial, we enrolled overweight or obese college students (aged 18-35 years) from three universities in San Diego, CA, USA. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either the intervention (SMART intervention group) or general information about health and wellness (control group). We used computer-based permuted-block randomisation with block sizes of four, stratified by sex, ethnicity, and college. Participants, study staff, and investigators were masked until the intervention was assigned. The primary outcome was objectively measured weight in kg at 24 months. Differences between groups were evaluated using linear mixed-effects regression within an intention-to-treat framework. Objectively measured weight at 6, 12, and 18 months was included as a secondary outcome. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01200459. Between May 18, 2011, and May 17, 2012, 404 individuals were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=202) or control (n=202). Participants' mean (SD) age was 22·7 (3·8) years. 284 (70%) participants were female and 125 (31%) were Hispanic. Mean (SD) body-mass index at baseline was 29·0 (2·8) kg/m(2). At 24 months, weight was assessed in 341 (84%) participants, but all 404 were included in analyses. Weight, adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and college, was not significantly different between the groups at 24 months (-0·79 kg [95% CI -2·02 to 0·43], p=0·204). However, weight was significantly less in the intervention group compared with the control group at 6 months (-1·33 kg [95% CI -2·36 to -0·30], p=0·011) and 12 months (-1·33 kg [-2·30 to -0·35], p=0·008), but not 18 months (-0·67 kg [95% CI -1·69 to 0·35], p=0·200). One serious adverse event in the intervention group (gallstones) could be attributable to rapid and excessive weight loss. Social and mobile technologies did not facilitate sustained reductions in weight among young adults, although these approaches might facilitate limited short-term weight loss. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (U01 HL096715). Few weight loss interventions are evaluated for longer than a year, and even fewer employ social and mobile technologies commonly used among young adults. We assessed the efficacy of a 2 year, theory-based, weight loss intervention that was remotely and adaptively delivered via integrated user experiences with Facebook, mobile apps, text messaging, emails, a website, and technology-mediated communication with a health coach (the SMART intervention).BACKGROUNDFew weight loss interventions are evaluated for longer than a year, and even fewer employ social and mobile technologies commonly used among young adults. We assessed the efficacy of a 2 year, theory-based, weight loss intervention that was remotely and adaptively delivered via integrated user experiences with Facebook, mobile apps, text messaging, emails, a website, and technology-mediated communication with a health coach (the SMART intervention).In this parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial, we enrolled overweight or obese college students (aged 18-35 years) from three universities in San Diego, CA, USA. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either the intervention (SMART intervention group) or general information about health and wellness (control group). We used computer-based permuted-block randomisation with block sizes of four, stratified by sex, ethnicity, and college. Participants, study staff, and investigators were masked until the intervention was assigned. The primary outcome was objectively measured weight in kg at 24 months. Differences between groups were evaluated using linear mixed-effects regression within an intention-to-treat framework. Objectively measured weight at 6, 12, and 18 months was included as a secondary outcome. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01200459.METHODSIn this parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial, we enrolled overweight or obese college students (aged 18-35 years) from three universities in San Diego, CA, USA. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either the intervention (SMART intervention group) or general information about health and wellness (control group). We used computer-based permuted-block randomisation with block sizes of four, stratified by sex, ethnicity, and college. Participants, study staff, and investigators were masked until the intervention was assigned. The primary outcome was objectively measured weight in kg at 24 months. Differences between groups were evaluated using linear mixed-effects regression within an intention-to-treat framework. Objectively measured weight at 6, 12, and 18 months was included as a secondary outcome. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01200459.Between May 18, 2011, and May 17, 2012, 404 individuals were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=202) or control (n=202). Participants' mean (SD) age was 22·7 (3·8) years. 284 (70%) participants were female and 125 (31%) were Hispanic. Mean (SD) body-mass index at baseline was 29·0 (2·8) kg/m(2). At 24 months, weight was assessed in 341 (84%) participants, but all 404 were included in analyses. Weight, adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and college, was not significantly different between the groups at 24 months (-0·79 kg [95% CI -2·02 to 0·43], p=0·204). However, weight was significantly less in the intervention group compared with the control group at 6 months (-1·33 kg [95% CI -2·36 to -0·30], p=0·011) and 12 months (-1·33 kg [-2·30 to -0·35], p=0·008), but not 18 months (-0·67 kg [95% CI -1·69 to 0·35], p=0·200). One serious adverse event in the intervention group (gallstones) could be attributable to rapid and excessive weight loss.FINDINGSBetween May 18, 2011, and May 17, 2012, 404 individuals were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=202) or control (n=202). Participants' mean (SD) age was 22·7 (3·8) years. 284 (70%) participants were female and 125 (31%) were Hispanic. Mean (SD) body-mass index at baseline was 29·0 (2·8) kg/m(2). At 24 months, weight was assessed in 341 (84%) participants, but all 404 were included in analyses. Weight, adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and college, was not significantly different between the groups at 24 months (-0·79 kg [95% CI -2·02 to 0·43], p=0·204). However, weight was significantly less in the intervention group compared with the control group at 6 months (-1·33 kg [95% CI -2·36 to -0·30], p=0·011) and 12 months (-1·33 kg [-2·30 to -0·35], p=0·008), but not 18 months (-0·67 kg [95% CI -1·69 to 0·35], p=0·200). One serious adverse event in the intervention group (gallstones) could be attributable to rapid and excessive weight loss.Social and mobile technologies did not facilitate sustained reductions in weight among young adults, although these approaches might facilitate limited short-term weight loss.INTERPRETATIONSocial and mobile technologies did not facilitate sustained reductions in weight among young adults, although these approaches might facilitate limited short-term weight loss.The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (U01 HL096715).FUNDINGThe National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (U01 HL096715). |
| Author | Rock, Cheryl L Griswold, William G Raab, Fredric Fowler, James H Norman, Gregory J Godino, Job G Calfas, Karen J Donohue, Michael C Gupta, Anjali Robinson, Thomas N Fogg, B J Merchant, Gina Patrick, Kevin Marshall, Simon J Huang, Jeannie S |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Job G surname: Godino fullname: Godino, Job G organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Gina surname: Merchant fullname: Merchant, Gina organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Gregory J surname: Norman fullname: Norman, Gregory J organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Michael C surname: Donohue fullname: Donohue, Michael C organization: Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Simon J surname: Marshall fullname: Marshall, Simon J organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: James H surname: Fowler fullname: Fowler, James H organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Karen J surname: Calfas fullname: Calfas, Karen J organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Jeannie S surname: Huang fullname: Huang, Jeannie S organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Cheryl L surname: Rock fullname: Rock, Cheryl L organization: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: William G surname: Griswold fullname: Griswold, William G organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: Anjali surname: Gupta fullname: Gupta, Anjali organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 12 givenname: Fredric surname: Raab fullname: Raab, Fredric organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 13 givenname: B J surname: Fogg fullname: Fogg, B J organization: Behavior Design Laboratory, Human Sciences and Technologies Advanced Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 14 givenname: Thomas N surname: Robinson fullname: Robinson, Thomas N organization: Stanford Solutions Science Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 15 givenname: Kevin surname: Patrick fullname: Patrick, Kevin email: kpatrick@ucsd.edu organization: Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27426247$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Few weight loss interventions are evaluated for longer than a year, and even fewer employ social and mobile technologies commonly used among young adults. We... Summary Background Few weight loss interventions are evaluated for longer than a year, and even fewer employ social and mobile technologies commonly used among... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Endocrinology & Metabolism Female Humans Male Mobile Applications Obesity - therapy Other Social Media Weight Loss Weight Reduction Programs Young Adult |
| Title | Using social and mobile tools for weight loss in overweight and obese young adults (Project SMART): a 2 year, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial |
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