Benefits of subsidence control for coastal flooding in China

Land subsidence is impacting large populations in coastal Asia via relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Here we assesses these risks and possible response strategies for China, including estimates of present rates of RSLR, flood exposure and risk to 2050. In 2015, each Chinese coastal resident experience...

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Published inNature communications Vol. 13; no. 1; pp. 6946 - 9
Main Authors Fang, Jiayi, Nicholls, Robert J., Brown, Sally, Lincke, Daniel, Hinkel, Jochen, Vafeidis, Athanasios T., Du, Shiqiang, Zhao, Qing, Liu, Min, Shi, Peijun
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 14.11.2022
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Abstract Land subsidence is impacting large populations in coastal Asia via relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Here we assesses these risks and possible response strategies for China, including estimates of present rates of RSLR, flood exposure and risk to 2050. In 2015, each Chinese coastal resident experienced on average RSLR of 11 to 20 mm/yr. This is 3 to 5 times higher than climate-induced SLR, reflecting that people are concentrated in subsiding locations. In 2050, assuming these subsidence rates continue, land area, population and assets exposed to the 100-year coastal flood event is 20%-39%, 17%-37% and 18%-39% higher than assuming climate change alone, respectively. Realistic subsidence control measures can avoid up to two thirds of this additional growth in exposure, with adaptation required to address the residual. This analysis emphasizes subsidence as a RSLR hazard in China that requires a broad-scale policy response, utilizing subsidence control combined with coastal adaptation. Chinese coastal populations are concentrated in subsiding locations, and also subject to sea-level rise. Here the authors find that more areas, population and assets are exposed to coastal flooding by 2050 but realistic subsidence control measures can avoid additional risks.
AbstractList Land subsidence is impacting large populations in coastal Asia via relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Here we assesses these risks and possible response strategies for China, including estimates of present rates of RSLR, flood exposure and risk to 2050. In 2015, each Chinese coastal resident experienced on average RSLR of 11 to 20 mm/yr. This is 3 to 5 times higher than climate-induced SLR, reflecting that people are concentrated in subsiding locations. In 2050, assuming these subsidence rates continue, land area, population and assets exposed to the 100-year coastal flood event is 20%-39%, 17%-37% and 18%-39% higher than assuming climate change alone, respectively. Realistic subsidence control measures can avoid up to two thirds of this additional growth in exposure, with adaptation required to address the residual. This analysis emphasizes subsidence as a RSLR hazard in China that requires a broad-scale policy response, utilizing subsidence control combined with coastal adaptation.
Land subsidence is impacting large populations in coastal Asia via relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Here we assesses these risks and possible response strategies for China, including estimates of present rates of RSLR, flood exposure and risk to 2050. In 2015, each Chinese coastal resident experienced on average RSLR of 11 to 20 mm/yr. This is 3 to 5 times higher than climate-induced SLR, reflecting that people are concentrated in subsiding locations. In 2050, assuming these subsidence rates continue, land area, population and assets exposed to the 100-year coastal flood event is 20%-39%, 17%-37% and 18%-39% higher than assuming climate change alone, respectively. Realistic subsidence control measures can avoid up to two thirds of this additional growth in exposure, with adaptation required to address the residual. This analysis emphasizes subsidence as a RSLR hazard in China that requires a broad-scale policy response, utilizing subsidence control combined with coastal adaptation. Chinese coastal populations are concentrated in subsiding locations, and also subject to sea-level rise. Here the authors find that more areas, population and assets are exposed to coastal flooding by 2050 but realistic subsidence control measures can avoid additional risks.
Chinese coastal populations are concentrated in subsiding locations, and also subject to sea-level rise. Here the authors find that more areas, population and assets are exposed to coastal flooding by 2050 but realistic subsidence control measures can avoid additional risks.
Land subsidence is impacting large populations in coastal Asia via relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Here we assesses these risks and possible response strategies for China, including estimates of present rates of RSLR, flood exposure and risk to 2050. In 2015, each Chinese coastal resident experienced on average RSLR of 11 to 20 mm/yr. This is 3 to 5 times higher than climate-induced SLR, reflecting that people are concentrated in subsiding locations. In 2050, assuming these subsidence rates continue, land area, population and assets exposed to the 100-year coastal flood event is 20%-39%, 17%-37% and 18%-39% higher than assuming climate change alone, respectively. Realistic subsidence control measures can avoid up to two thirds of this additional growth in exposure, with adaptation required to address the residual. This analysis emphasizes subsidence as a RSLR hazard in China that requires a broad-scale policy response, utilizing subsidence control combined with coastal adaptation.Land subsidence is impacting large populations in coastal Asia via relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Here we assesses these risks and possible response strategies for China, including estimates of present rates of RSLR, flood exposure and risk to 2050. In 2015, each Chinese coastal resident experienced on average RSLR of 11 to 20 mm/yr. This is 3 to 5 times higher than climate-induced SLR, reflecting that people are concentrated in subsiding locations. In 2050, assuming these subsidence rates continue, land area, population and assets exposed to the 100-year coastal flood event is 20%-39%, 17%-37% and 18%-39% higher than assuming climate change alone, respectively. Realistic subsidence control measures can avoid up to two thirds of this additional growth in exposure, with adaptation required to address the residual. This analysis emphasizes subsidence as a RSLR hazard in China that requires a broad-scale policy response, utilizing subsidence control combined with coastal adaptation.
Land subsidence is impacting large populations in coastal Asia via relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Here we assesses these risks and possible response strategies for China, including estimates of present rates of RSLR, flood exposure and risk to 2050. In 2015, each Chinese coastal resident experienced on average RSLR of 11 to 20 mm/yr. This is 3 to 5 times higher than climate-induced SLR, reflecting that people are concentrated in subsiding locations. In 2050, assuming these subsidence rates continue, land area, population and assets exposed to the 100-year coastal flood event is 20%-39%, 17%-37% and 18%-39% higher than assuming climate change alone, respectively. Realistic subsidence control measures can avoid up to two thirds of this additional growth in exposure, with adaptation required to address the residual. This analysis emphasizes subsidence as a RSLR hazard in China that requires a broad-scale policy response, utilizing subsidence control combined with coastal adaptation.Chinese coastal populations are concentrated in subsiding locations, and also subject to sea-level rise. Here the authors find that more areas, population and assets are exposed to coastal flooding by 2050 but realistic subsidence control measures can avoid additional risks.
ArticleNumber 6946
Author Du, Shiqiang
Zhao, Qing
Lincke, Daniel
Hinkel, Jochen
Fang, Jiayi
Nicholls, Robert J.
Brown, Sally
Vafeidis, Athanasios T.
Shi, Peijun
Liu, Min
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  organization: Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Emergency Management & Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, School of Engineering, University of Southampton
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  email: spj@bnu.edu.cn
  organization: Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Emergency Management & Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University
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  year: 2022
  text: 2022-11-14
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References HanPYangXXBaiLSunQSThe monitoring and analysis of the coastal lowland subsidence in the southern Hangzhou Bay with an advanced time-series InSAR methodActa. Oceanologica Sin.2017361101181:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXms1WmsLk%3D10.1007/s13131-017-1087-y
Kazi, A., Ryan, P. B., Poonam, P., Priya, S. & Limin, W. Climate Risks and Adaptation in Asian Coastal Megacities: A Synthesis Report (World Bank, 2010).
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NichollsRJA global analysis of subsidence, relative sea-level change and coastal flood exposureNat. Clim. Change2021113383422021NatCC..11..338N10.1038/s41558-021-00993-z
Nicholls, R. J., Hanson, S. & Hinkel, J. in Economics of Climate Change in East Asia (eds Westphal, M. I., Hughes, G. A. & Brömmelhörster, J) Ch. 3 (Asian Development Bank, 2013).
LeimbachMKrieglerERomingNSchwanitzJFuture growth patterns of world regions—A GDP scenario approachGlob. Environ. Chang20174221522510.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.005
WangJGaoWXuSYYuLZEvaluation of the combined risk of sea level rise, land subsidence, and storm surges on the coastal areas of Shanghai, ChinaClim. Change20121155375582012ClCh..115..537W10.1007/s10584-012-0468-7
LiuCMYuJJKendyEGroundwater exploitation and its impact on the environment in the North China PlainWater Int.20012626527210.1080/02508060108686913
ErkensGBucxTDamRde LangeGLambertJSinking coastal citiesProc. IAHS20153721891982015PIAHS.372..189E10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015
GallowayDLBurbeyTJReview: regional land subsidence accompanying groundwater extractionHydrogeol. J.201119145914862011HydJ...19.1459G10.1007/s10040-011-0775-5
CaiFCoastal erosion in China under the condition of global climate change and measures for its preventionProg. Natl Sci.20091941542610.1016/j.pnsc.2008.05.034
Tadono, T. et al. Galidation of the 30 m-mesh global digital surface model generated by ALOS PRISM. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. XLI-B4, 157–162 https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B4-157-2016 (2016).
HeXCYangTLShenSLXuYSArulrajahALand subsidence control zone and policy for the environmental protection of ShanghaiInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2019162729669641810.3390/ijerph16152729
Herrera-GarcíaGMapping the global threat of land subsidenceScience20213713436333843682021Sci...371...34H10.1126/science.abb8549
HanMHouJWuLPotential impacts of sea-level rise on China’s coastal environment and cities: a national assessment.J. Coast. Res.1995147995
GongSYangSEffect of land subsidence on urban flood prevention engineering in ShanghaiSci. Geographica Sin.20084543547
WolffCVafeidisATLinckeDMarasmiCHinkelJEffects of scale and input data on assessing the future impacts of coastal flooding: an application of DIVA for the Emilia-Romagna coastFront. Mar. Sci.201634110.3389/fmars.2016.00041
ShirzaeiMMeasuring, modelling and projecting coastal land subsidenceNat. Rev. Earth Environ.2021240582021NRvEE...2...40S10.1038/s43017-020-00115-x
KokSCostaALFramework for economic cost assessment of land subsidenceNat. Hazards20211061931194910.1007/s11069-021-04520-3
WangJYiSLiMYWangLSongCCEffects of sea level rise, land subsidence, bathymetric change and typhoon tracks on storm flooding in the coastal areas of ShanghaiSci. Total Environ.20186212282341:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhvVygsLrE291790792018ScTEn.621..228W10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.224
SenguptaDChenRSMeadowsMEBanerjeeAGaining or losing ground? Tracking Asia’s hunger for ‘new’ coastal land in the era of sea level riseSci. Total Environ.20207321392901:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXpsl2lsrY%3D324381742020ScTEn.732m9290S10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139290
Fox-Kemper, B. et al. Ocean, cryosphere and sea level change. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Masson-Delmotte. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
LiuJLHuman settlement and regional development in the context of climate change: a spatial analysis of low elevation coastal zones in ChinaMitig. Adapt Strateg Glob. Chang20152052754610.1007/s11027-013-9506-7
DuSQHeCYHuangQXShiPJHow did the urban land in floodplains distribute and expand in China from 1992–2015?Environ. Res. Lett.2018130340182018ERL....13c4018D10.1088/1748-9326/aaac07
SyvitskiJPMSinking deltas due to human activitiesNat. Geosci.200926816861:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1SqsrnM2009NatGe...2..681S10.1038/ngeo629
MLR (Ministry of Land and Resources) and MWR (Ministry of Water Resources). The prevention and control planning of land subsidence in China (2011–2020). (2012) (in Chinese)
VafeidisATA new global coastal database for impact and vulnerability analysis to sea-level riseJ. Coast. Res.20082491792410.2112/06-0725.1
XueYQZhangYYeSJWuJCLiQFLand subsidence in ChinaEnviron. Geol.2005487137202005EnGeo..48..713X10.1007/s00254-005-0010-6
Xu, B. et al. Coastal subsidence monitoring associated with land reclamation using the point target based SBAS-InSAR method: a case study of Shenzhen, China. Remote Sens.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080652 (2016).
ChengHQMapping sea level rise behavior in an Estuarine Delta system: a case study along the Shanghai CoastEngineering2018415616310.1016/j.eng.2018.02.002
Nicholls, R. J., Hinkel, J., Lincke, D. & van der Pol, T. Global investment costs for coastal defense through the 21st Century. Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8745 (2019).
KCSLutzWThe human core of the shared socioeconomic pathways: population scenarios by age, sex and level of education for all countries to 2100Glob. Environ. Chang20174218119210.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004
YinJYuDPYinZNWangJXuSYModelling the combined impacts of sea-level rise and land subsidence on storm tides induced flooding of the Huangpu River in Shanghai, ChinaClim. Change20131199199322013ClCh..119..919Y10.1007/s10584-013-0749-9
Du, Y. N. et al. Understanding land subsidence along the coastal areas of Guangdong, China, by analyzing multi-track MTInSAR data. Remote Sens.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020299 (2020).
Liu, X. J. et al. Characterizing and monitoring ground settlement of marine reclamation land of Xiamen New Airport, China with Sentinel-1 SAR datasets. Remote Sens.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11050585 (2019).
HuRLYueZQWangLCWangSJReview on current status and challenging issues of land subsidence in ChinaEng. Geol.200476657710.1016/j.enggeo.2004.06.006
PeltierWRArgusDFDrummondRSpace geodesy constrains ice-age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) modelJ. Geophys Res. Solid Earth20151204504872015JGRB..120..450P10.1002/2014JB011176
Fang, J. et al. Benefits of subsidence control for coastal flooding in China [Data set]. Zenodohttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6969115 (2022).
SchuerchMFuture response of global coastal wetlands to sea-level riseNature20185612312341:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhslSmsrzN302093682018Natur.561..231S10.1038/s41586-018-0476-5
XuNZThe types and characteristics of the ground subsidence in southeastern China coastal regionJ. Catastrophology2005206772
Bright, E. A. et al. LandScan 2010 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2011).
HinkelJA global analysis of erosion of sandy beaches and sea-level rise: an application of DIVAGlob. Planet. Change20131111501582013GPC...111..150H10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.002
WangFThe impact of sea-level rise on the coast of Tianjin-Hebei, ChinaChina Geol.20192263910.31035/cg2018061
FangJYCoastal flood risks in China through the 21st century—An application of DIVASci. Total Environ.20207041353111:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXitlynu7bP318393152020ScTEn.704m5311F10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135311
Oppenheimer, M. et al. Sea level rise and implications for low-lying islands, coasts and communities. In: Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (eds Pörtner, H. O. et al.) Ch. 4 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019).
EricsonJPVörösmartyCJDingmanSLWardLGMeybeckMEffective sea-level rise and deltas: causes of change and human dimension implicationsGlob. Planet Change20065063822006GPC....50...63E10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.07.004
Lincke, D. & Hinkel, J. Coastal migration due to 21st century sea-level rise. Earth’s Futurehttps://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001965 (2021).
van VuurenDPCarterTRClimate and socio-economic scenarios for climate change research and assessment: reconciling the new with the oldClim. Change20141224154292014ClCh..122..415V10.1007/s10584-013-0974-2
LegeaisJFAn improved and homogeneous altimeter sea level record from the ESA climate change initiativeEarth Syst. Sci. Data2018102813012018ESSD...10..281L10.5194/essd-10-281-2018
FangYQRapid population growth in Chinese floodplains from 1990 to 2015Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2018151602612158610.3390/ijerph15081602
YinJLong-term flood-hazard modeling for coastal areas using InSAR measurements and a hydrodynamic model: the case study of Lingang New City, ShanghaiJ. Hydrol.20195715936042019JHyd..571..593Y10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.015
CaoAFuture of Asian Deltaic Megacities under sea level rise and land subsidence: current adaptation pathways for Tokyo, Jakarta, Manila, and Ho Chi Minh CityCurr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.202150879710.1016/j.cosust.2021.02.010
HinkelJCoastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level riseProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2014111329232971:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjtlyksr4%3D2459642839482272014PNAS..111.3292H10.1073/pnas.1222469111
YeSJXueYQWuJCYanXXYuJProgression and mitigation of land subsidence in ChinaHydrogeol. J.2016246856932016HydJ...24..685Y10.1007/s10040-015-1356-9
MuisSVerlaanMWinsemiusHCAertsJCJHWardPJA global reanalysis of storm surges and extreme sea levelsNat. Commun.20167112
Nicholls, R. J. et al. Integrating new sea-level scenarios into coastal risk and adaptation assessments: an on-going process. Wires Clim. Changehttps://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.706 (2021).
WangWLiuHILiYQSuJLDevelopment and management of land reclamation in ChinaOcean
M Leimbach (34525_CR49) 2017; 42
JPM Syvitski (34525_CR52) 2009; 2
JY Fang (34525_CR26) 2020; 704
S Gong (34525_CR30) 2008; 4
DL Galloway (34525_CR2) 2011; 19
G Herrera-García (34525_CR10) 2021; 371
CM Liu (34525_CR35) 2001; 26
M Schuerch (34525_CR44) 2018; 561
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S Kok (34525_CR34) 2021; 106
J Wang (34525_CR21) 2018; 621
RJ Nicholls (34525_CR3) 2021; 11
J Yin (34525_CR23) 2016; 544
G Erkens (34525_CR7) 2015; 372
WR Peltier (34525_CR55) 2015; 120
F Wang (34525_CR13) 2019; 2
YQ Fang (34525_CR32) 2018; 15
M Han (34525_CR16) 1995; 14
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A Cao (34525_CR6) 2021; 50
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J Hinkel (34525_CR28) 2014; 111
XC He (34525_CR25) 2019; 16
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SJ Ye (34525_CR17) 2016; 24
J Yin (34525_CR24) 2019; 571
AT Vafeidis (34525_CR42) 2008; 24
JL Liu (34525_CR15) 2015; 20
G McGranahan (34525_CR14) 2007; 19
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RL Hu (34525_CR11) 2004; 76
NZ Xu (34525_CR54) 2005; 20
W Wang (34525_CR40) 2014; 102
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F Cai (34525_CR53) 2009; 19
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M Shirzaei (34525_CR5) 2021; 2
SQ Du (34525_CR31) 2018; 13
J Hinkel (34525_CR43) 2013; 111
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YQ Xue (34525_CR18) 2005; 48
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JP Ericson (34525_CR8) 2006; 50
S Muis (34525_CR56) 2016; 7
D Sengupta (34525_CR41) 2020; 732
J Wang (34525_CR20) 2012; 115
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J Yin (34525_CR22) 2013; 119
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34525_CR39
P Han (34525_CR38) 2017; 36
JF Legeais (34525_CR46) 2018; 10
DP van Vuuren (34525_CR57) 2014; 122
34525_CR33
References_xml – reference: LegeaisJFAn improved and homogeneous altimeter sea level record from the ESA climate change initiativeEarth Syst. Sci. Data2018102813012018ESSD...10..281L10.5194/essd-10-281-2018
– reference: Bright, E. A. et al. LandScan 2010 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2011).
– reference: YinJYuDPWilbyRModelling the impact of land subsidence on urban pluvial flooding: a case study of downtown Shanghai, ChinaSci. Total Environ.20165447447531:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXitVSgsL%2FM266747032016ScTEn.544..744Y10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.159
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– reference: HinkelJA global analysis of erosion of sandy beaches and sea-level rise: an application of DIVAGlob. Planet. Change20131111501582013GPC...111..150H10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.002
– reference: CaiFCoastal erosion in China under the condition of global climate change and measures for its preventionProg. Natl Sci.20091941542610.1016/j.pnsc.2008.05.034
– reference: WolffCVafeidisATLinckeDMarasmiCHinkelJEffects of scale and input data on assessing the future impacts of coastal flooding: an application of DIVA for the Emilia-Romagna coastFront. Mar. Sci.201634110.3389/fmars.2016.00041
– reference: VafeidisATA new global coastal database for impact and vulnerability analysis to sea-level riseJ. Coast. Res.20082491792410.2112/06-0725.1
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– reference: KokSCostaALFramework for economic cost assessment of land subsidenceNat. Hazards20211061931194910.1007/s11069-021-04520-3
– reference: WangFThe impact of sea-level rise on the coast of Tianjin-Hebei, ChinaChina Geol.20192263910.31035/cg2018061
– reference: WangJGaoWXuSYYuLZEvaluation of the combined risk of sea level rise, land subsidence, and storm surges on the coastal areas of Shanghai, ChinaClim. Change20121155375582012ClCh..115..537W10.1007/s10584-012-0468-7
– reference: SenguptaDChenRSMeadowsMEBanerjeeAGaining or losing ground? Tracking Asia’s hunger for ‘new’ coastal land in the era of sea level riseSci. Total Environ.20207321392901:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXpsl2lsrY%3D324381742020ScTEn.732m9290S10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139290
– reference: LeimbachMKrieglerERomingNSchwanitzJFuture growth patterns of world regions—A GDP scenario approachGlob. Environ. Chang20174221522510.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.005
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– reference: YeSJXueYQWuJCYanXXYuJProgression and mitigation of land subsidence in ChinaHydrogeol. J.2016246856932016HydJ...24..685Y10.1007/s10040-015-1356-9
– reference: MLR (Ministry of Land and Resources) and MWR (Ministry of Water Resources). The prevention and control planning of land subsidence in China (2011–2020). (2012) (in Chinese)
– reference: ErkensGBucxTDamRde LangeGLambertJSinking coastal citiesProc. IAHS20153721891982015PIAHS.372..189E10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015
– reference: MuisSVerlaanMWinsemiusHCAertsJCJHWardPJA global reanalysis of storm surges and extreme sea levelsNat. Commun.20167112
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– reference: Du, Y. N. et al. Understanding land subsidence along the coastal areas of Guangdong, China, by analyzing multi-track MTInSAR data. Remote Sens.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020299 (2020).
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– reference: Herrera-GarcíaGMapping the global threat of land subsidenceScience20213713436333843682021Sci...371...34H10.1126/science.abb8549
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– reference: LiuCMYuJJKendyEGroundwater exploitation and its impact on the environment in the North China PlainWater Int.20012626527210.1080/02508060108686913
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– reference: LiuJLHuman settlement and regional development in the context of climate change: a spatial analysis of low elevation coastal zones in ChinaMitig. Adapt Strateg Glob. Chang20152052754610.1007/s11027-013-9506-7
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– reference: GongSYangSEffect of land subsidence on urban flood prevention engineering in ShanghaiSci. Geographica Sin.20084543547
– reference: YinJLong-term flood-hazard modeling for coastal areas using InSAR measurements and a hydrodynamic model: the case study of Lingang New City, ShanghaiJ. Hydrol.20195715936042019JHyd..571..593Y10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.015
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– reference: HinkelJCoastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level riseProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2014111329232971:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjtlyksr4%3D2459642839482272014PNAS..111.3292H10.1073/pnas.1222469111
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– reference: Fang, J. et al. Benefits of subsidence control for coastal flooding in China [Data set]. Zenodohttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6969115 (2022).
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Snippet Land subsidence is impacting large populations in coastal Asia via relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Here we assesses these risks and possible response...
Chinese coastal populations are concentrated in subsiding locations, and also subject to sea-level rise. Here the authors find that more areas, population and...
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SubjectTerms 100 year floods
704/106/694/2739/2819
704/106/694/682
Acclimatization
Adaptation
China
Climate Change
Environmental Sciences
Exposure
Flooding
Floods
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humans
Land subsidence
multidisciplinary
Populations
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Sea level
Sea Level Rise
Subsidence
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Title Benefits of subsidence control for coastal flooding in China
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41467-022-34525-w
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36376281
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Volume 13
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