Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India
The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing expe...
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| Published in | The Science of the total environment Vol. 728; p. 138878 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
01.08.2020
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing experiment to testify effectiveness of restricted emissions. In this study, concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, ozone and SO2 during March 16th to April 14th from 2017 to 2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed. Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18% decreases in PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2 in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17% increase in O3 and negligible changes in SO2. The air quality index (AQI) reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32% in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively. Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years, indicating more significant regional transport than previous years. The mean excessive risks of PM reduced by ~52% nationwide due to restricted activities in lockdown period. To eliminate the effects of possible favourable meteorology, the WRF-AERMOD model system was also applied in Delhi-NCR with actual meteorology during the lockdown period and an un-favourable event in early November of 2019 and results show that predicted PM2.5 could increase by only 33% in unfavourable meteorology. This study gives confidence to the regulatory bodies that even during unfavourable meteorology, a significant improvement in air quality could be expected if strict execution of air quality control plans is implemented.
[Display omitted]
•The effect of restricted human activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India on air quality in 22 cities was estimated.•PM2.5 had maximum reduction in most regions.•Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years.•The substantial reduction in concentrations resulted in a 4 times reduction in total ER.•PM2.5 could increase due to unfavourable meteorology but the average concentration would still be under CPCB limits. |
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| AbstractList | The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing experiment to testify effectiveness of restricted emissions. In this study, concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, ozone and SO2 during March 16th to April 14th from 2017 to 2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed. Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18% decreases in PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2 in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17% increase in O3 and negligible changes in SO2. The air quality index (AQI) reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32% in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively. Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years, indicating more significant regional transport than previous years. The mean excessive risks of PM reduced by ~52% nationwide due to restricted activities in lockdown period. To eliminate the effects of possible favourable meteorology, the WRF-AERMOD model system was also applied in Delhi-NCR with actual meteorology during the lockdown period and an un-favourable event in early November of 2019 and results show that predicted PM2.5 could increase by only 33% in unfavourable meteorology. This study gives confidence to the regulatory bodies that even during unfavourable meteorology, a significant improvement in air quality could be expected if strict execution of air quality control plans is implemented.
[Display omitted]
•The effect of restricted human activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India on air quality in 22 cities was estimated.•PM2.5 had maximum reduction in most regions.•Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years.•The substantial reduction in concentrations resulted in a 4 times reduction in total ER.•PM2.5 could increase due to unfavourable meteorology but the average concentration would still be under CPCB limits. The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing experiment to testify effectiveness of restricted emissions. In this study, concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , CO, NO 2 , ozone and SO 2 during March 16th to April 14th from 2017 to 2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed. Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18% decreases in PM 2.5 , PM 10 , CO, and NO 2 in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17% increase in O 3 and negligible changes in SO 2 . The air quality index (AQI) reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32% in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively. Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years, indicating more significant regional transport than previous years. The mean excessive risks of PM reduced by ~52% nationwide due to restricted activities in lockdown period. To eliminate the effects of possible favourable meteorology, the WRF-AERMOD model system was also applied in Delhi-NCR with actual meteorology during the lockdown period and an un-favourable event in early November of 2019 and results show that predicted PM 2.5 could increase by only 33% in unfavourable meteorology. This study gives confidence to the regulatory bodies that even during unfavourable meteorology, a significant improvement in air quality could be expected if strict execution of air quality control plans is implemented. Unlabelled Image • The effect of restricted human activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India on air quality in 22 cities was estimated. • PM 2.5 had maximum reduction in most regions. • Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years. • The substantial reduction in concentrations resulted in a 4 times reduction in total ER. • PM 2.5 could increase due to unfavourable meteorology but the average concentration would still be under CPCB limits. The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing experiment to testify effectiveness of restricted emissions. In this study, concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM₁₀, PM₂.₅, CO, NO₂, ozone and SO₂ during March 16th to April 14th from 2017 to 2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed. Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18% decreases in PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, CO, and NO₂ in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17% increase in O₃ and negligible changes in SO₂. The air quality index (AQI) reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32% in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively. Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years, indicating more significant regional transport than previous years. The mean excessive risks of PM reduced by ~52% nationwide due to restricted activities in lockdown period. To eliminate the effects of possible favourable meteorology, the WRF-AERMOD model system was also applied in Delhi-NCR with actual meteorology during the lockdown period and an un-favourable event in early November of 2019 and results show that predicted PM₂.₅ could increase by only 33% in unfavourable meteorology. This study gives confidence to the regulatory bodies that even during unfavourable meteorology, a significant improvement in air quality could be expected if strict execution of air quality control plans is implemented. The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing experiment to testify effectiveness of restricted emissions. In this study, concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM , PM , CO, NO , ozone and SO during March 16th to April 14th from 2017 to 2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed. Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18% decreases in PM , PM , CO, and NO in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17% increase in O and negligible changes in SO . The air quality index (AQI) reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32% in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively. Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years, indicating more significant regional transport than previous years. The mean excessive risks of PM reduced by ~52% nationwide due to restricted activities in lockdown period. To eliminate the effects of possible favourable meteorology, the WRF-AERMOD model system was also applied in Delhi-NCR with actual meteorology during the lockdown period and an un-favourable event in early November of 2019 and results show that predicted PM could increase by only 33% in unfavourable meteorology. This study gives confidence to the regulatory bodies that even during unfavourable meteorology, a significant improvement in air quality could be expected if strict execution of air quality control plans is implemented. The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing experiment to testify effectiveness of restricted emissions. In this study, concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, ozone and SO2 during March 16th to April 14th from 2017 to 2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed. Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18% decreases in PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2 in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17% increase in O3 and negligible changes in SO2. The air quality index (AQI) reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32% in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively. Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years, indicating more significant regional transport than previous years. The mean excessive risks of PM reduced by ~52% nationwide due to restricted activities in lockdown period. To eliminate the effects of possible favourable meteorology, the WRF-AERMOD model system was also applied in Delhi-NCR with actual meteorology during the lockdown period and an un-favourable event in early November of 2019 and results show that predicted PM2.5 could increase by only 33% in unfavourable meteorology. This study gives confidence to the regulatory bodies that even during unfavourable meteorology, a significant improvement in air quality could be expected if strict execution of air quality control plans is implemented.The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing experiment to testify effectiveness of restricted emissions. In this study, concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, ozone and SO2 during March 16th to April 14th from 2017 to 2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed. Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18% decreases in PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2 in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17% increase in O3 and negligible changes in SO2. The air quality index (AQI) reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32% in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively. Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years, indicating more significant regional transport than previous years. The mean excessive risks of PM reduced by ~52% nationwide due to restricted activities in lockdown period. To eliminate the effects of possible favourable meteorology, the WRF-AERMOD model system was also applied in Delhi-NCR with actual meteorology during the lockdown period and an un-favourable event in early November of 2019 and results show that predicted PM2.5 could increase by only 33% in unfavourable meteorology. This study gives confidence to the regulatory bodies that even during unfavourable meteorology, a significant improvement in air quality could be expected if strict execution of air quality control plans is implemented. |
| ArticleNumber | 138878 |
| Author | Zhang, Hongliang Zhang, Mengyuan Kota, Sri Harsha Anshika Sharma, Shubham Gao, Jingsi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Shubham surname: Sharma fullname: Sharma, Shubham organization: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India – sequence: 2 givenname: Mengyuan surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Mengyuan organization: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China – sequence: 3 surname: Anshika fullname: Anshika organization: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India – sequence: 4 givenname: Jingsi surname: Gao fullname: Gao, Jingsi organization: Engineering Technology Development Center of Urban Water Recycling, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Hongliang orcidid: 0000-0002-1797-2311 surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Hongliang email: zhanghl@fudan.edu.cn organization: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Sri Harsha orcidid: 0000-0002-1977-2954 surname: Kota fullname: Kota, Sri Harsha email: harshakota@iitd.ac.in organization: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32335409$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | AERMOD Air Pollution - analysis air quality AQI Betacoronavirus Cities Coronavirus Infections COVID-19 COVID-19 infection environment Environmental Monitoring Human Activities Humans India meteorology ozone Pandemics Particulate Matter - analysis PM2.5 Pneumonia, Viral quality control SARS-CoV-2 |
| Title | Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India |
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