Toward an ecotoxicological risk assessment of microplastics: Comparison of available hazard and exposure data in freshwaters
Microplastics have been detected in freshwaters all over the world in almost all samples, and ecotoxicological studies have shown adverse effects of microplastics on organisms. However, no risk assessment of microplastics has been performed specifically in freshwater so far. The aim of the present s...
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| Published in | Environmental toxicology and chemistry Vol. 38; no. 2; pp. 436 - 447 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.02.2019
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Microplastics have been detected in freshwaters all over the world in almost all samples, and ecotoxicological studies have shown adverse effects of microplastics on organisms. However, no risk assessment of microplastics has been performed specifically in freshwater so far. The aim of the present study was therefore to review all exposure and ecotoxicity data available for microplastics in freshwaters and to perform a preliminary probabilistic risk assessment. The exposure probability distribution was based on 391 concentrations measured in Asia, Europe, and North America. Because exposure data are mainly available in particle number–based metrics but results from hazard studies are mostly mass‐based, the hazard results were converted into particle number concentrations. A statistical analysis of the hazard data showed that there was no significant influence of particle shape or type of polymer on the no‐observed‐effect concentration. The predicted‐no‐effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated as the fifth percentile of the probabilistic species sensitivity distribution, based on 53 values from 14 freshwater species, to have a mode of 7.4 × 105 particles · m−3 (25th and 75th quantiles of 6.1 × 105 and 1.3 × 106 particles · m−3, respectively). The exposure probability distribution was divided by the PNEC probability distribution to calculate risk characterization ratios (RCRs), with modes of 1.3 × 10−6 in North America, 3.3 × 10−6 in Europe, and 4.6 × 10−3 in Asia. Probability distributions associated with the RCRs showed that ecological risks cannot be entirely excluded in Asia, where 0.4% of the RCR values were above 1. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:436–447. © 2018 SETAC
The environmental risk of microplastics was assessed using a probabilistic approach in the freshwaters of Asia, Europe, and North America. Results show that such risks cannot be excluded in Asia. |
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| AbstractList | Microplastics have been detected in freshwaters all over the world in almost all samples, and ecotoxicological studies have shown adverse effects of microplastics on organisms. However, no risk assessment of microplastics has been performed specifically in freshwater so far. The aim of the present study was therefore to review all exposure and ecotoxicity data available for microplastics in freshwaters and to perform a preliminary probabilistic risk assessment. The exposure probability distribution was based on 391 concentrations measured in Asia, Europe, and North America. Because exposure data are mainly available in particle number–based metrics but results from hazard studies are mostly mass‐based, the hazard results were converted into particle number concentrations. A statistical analysis of the hazard data showed that there was no significant influence of particle shape or type of polymer on the no‐observed‐effect concentration. The predicted‐no‐effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated as the fifth percentile of the probabilistic species sensitivity distribution, based on 53 values from 14 freshwater species, to have a mode of 7.4 × 105 particles · m−3 (25th and 75th quantiles of 6.1 × 105 and 1.3 × 106 particles · m−3, respectively). The exposure probability distribution was divided by the PNEC probability distribution to calculate risk characterization ratios (RCRs), with modes of 1.3 × 10−6 in North America, 3.3 × 10−6 in Europe, and 4.6 × 10−3 in Asia. Probability distributions associated with the RCRs showed that ecological risks cannot be entirely excluded in Asia, where 0.4% of the RCR values were above 1. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:436–447. © 2018 SETAC Microplastics have been detected in freshwaters all over the world in almost all samples, and ecotoxicological studies have shown adverse effects of microplastics on organisms. However, no risk assessment of microplastics has been performed specifically in freshwater so far. The aim of the present study was therefore to review all exposure and ecotoxicity data available for microplastics in freshwaters and to perform a preliminary probabilistic risk assessment. The exposure probability distribution was based on 391 concentrations measured in Asia, Europe, and North America. Because exposure data are mainly available in particle number-based metrics but results from hazard studies are mostly mass-based, the hazard results were converted into particle number concentrations. A statistical analysis of the hazard data showed that there was no significant influence of particle shape or type of polymer on the no-observed-effect concentration. The predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated as the fifth percentile of the probabilistic species sensitivity distribution, based on 53 values from 14 freshwater species, to have a mode of 7.4 × 105 particles · m-3 (25th and 75th quantiles of 6.1 × 105 and 1.3 × 106 particles · m-3 , respectively). The exposure probability distribution was divided by the PNEC probability distribution to calculate risk characterization ratios (RCRs), with modes of 1.3 × 10-6 in North America, 3.3 × 10-6 in Europe, and 4.6 × 10-3 in Asia. Probability distributions associated with the RCRs showed that ecological risks cannot be entirely excluded in Asia, where 0.4% of the RCR values were above 1. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:436-447. © 2018 SETAC.Microplastics have been detected in freshwaters all over the world in almost all samples, and ecotoxicological studies have shown adverse effects of microplastics on organisms. However, no risk assessment of microplastics has been performed specifically in freshwater so far. The aim of the present study was therefore to review all exposure and ecotoxicity data available for microplastics in freshwaters and to perform a preliminary probabilistic risk assessment. The exposure probability distribution was based on 391 concentrations measured in Asia, Europe, and North America. Because exposure data are mainly available in particle number-based metrics but results from hazard studies are mostly mass-based, the hazard results were converted into particle number concentrations. A statistical analysis of the hazard data showed that there was no significant influence of particle shape or type of polymer on the no-observed-effect concentration. The predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated as the fifth percentile of the probabilistic species sensitivity distribution, based on 53 values from 14 freshwater species, to have a mode of 7.4 × 105 particles · m-3 (25th and 75th quantiles of 6.1 × 105 and 1.3 × 106 particles · m-3 , respectively). The exposure probability distribution was divided by the PNEC probability distribution to calculate risk characterization ratios (RCRs), with modes of 1.3 × 10-6 in North America, 3.3 × 10-6 in Europe, and 4.6 × 10-3 in Asia. Probability distributions associated with the RCRs showed that ecological risks cannot be entirely excluded in Asia, where 0.4% of the RCR values were above 1. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:436-447. © 2018 SETAC. Microplastics have been detected in freshwaters all over the world in almost all samples, and ecotoxicological studies have shown adverse effects of microplastics on organisms. However, no risk assessment of microplastics has been performed specifically in freshwater so far. The aim of the present study was therefore to review all exposure and ecotoxicity data available for microplastics in freshwaters and to perform a preliminary probabilistic risk assessment. The exposure probability distribution was based on 391 concentrations measured in Asia, Europe, and North America. Because exposure data are mainly available in particle number–based metrics but results from hazard studies are mostly mass‐based, the hazard results were converted into particle number concentrations. A statistical analysis of the hazard data showed that there was no significant influence of particle shape or type of polymer on the no‐observed‐effect concentration. The predicted‐no‐effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated as the fifth percentile of the probabilistic species sensitivity distribution, based on 53 values from 14 freshwater species, to have a mode of 7.4 × 10⁵ particles · m⁻³ (25th and 75th quantiles of 6.1 × 10⁵ and 1.3 × 10⁶ particles · m⁻³, respectively). The exposure probability distribution was divided by the PNEC probability distribution to calculate risk characterization ratios (RCRs), with modes of 1.3 × 10⁻⁶ in North America, 3.3 × 10⁻⁶ in Europe, and 4.6 × 10⁻³ in Asia. Probability distributions associated with the RCRs showed that ecological risks cannot be entirely excluded in Asia, where 0.4% of the RCR values were above 1. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:436–447. © 2018 SETAC Microplastics have been detected in freshwaters all over the world in almost all samples, and ecotoxicological studies have shown adverse effects of microplastics on organisms. However, no risk assessment of microplastics has been performed specifically in freshwater so far. The aim of the present study was therefore to review all exposure and ecotoxicity data available for microplastics in freshwaters and to perform a preliminary probabilistic risk assessment. The exposure probability distribution was based on 391 concentrations measured in Asia, Europe, and North America. Because exposure data are mainly available in particle number–based metrics but results from hazard studies are mostly mass‐based, the hazard results were converted into particle number concentrations. A statistical analysis of the hazard data showed that there was no significant influence of particle shape or type of polymer on the no‐observed‐effect concentration. The predicted‐no‐effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated as the fifth percentile of the probabilistic species sensitivity distribution, based on 53 values from 14 freshwater species, to have a mode of 7.4 × 10 5 particles · m −3 (25th and 75th quantiles of 6.1 × 10 5 and 1.3 × 10 6 particles · m −3 , respectively). The exposure probability distribution was divided by the PNEC probability distribution to calculate risk characterization ratios (RCRs), with modes of 1.3 × 10 −6 in North America, 3.3 × 10 −6 in Europe, and 4.6 × 10 −3 in Asia. Probability distributions associated with the RCRs showed that ecological risks cannot be entirely excluded in Asia, where 0.4% of the RCR values were above 1. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:436–447. © 2018 SETAC The environmental risk of microplastics was assessed using a probabilistic approach in the freshwaters of Asia, Europe, and North America. Results show that such risks cannot be excluded in Asia. © 2019 SETAC Microplastics have been detected in freshwaters all over the world in almost all samples, and ecotoxicological studies have shown adverse effects of microplastics on organisms. However, no risk assessment of microplastics has been performed specifically in freshwater so far. The aim of the present study was therefore to review all exposure and ecotoxicity data available for microplastics in freshwaters and to perform a preliminary probabilistic risk assessment. The exposure probability distribution was based on 391 concentrations measured in Asia, Europe, and North America. Because exposure data are mainly available in particle number–based metrics but results from hazard studies are mostly mass‐based, the hazard results were converted into particle number concentrations. A statistical analysis of the hazard data showed that there was no significant influence of particle shape or type of polymer on the no‐observed‐effect concentration. The predicted‐no‐effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated as the fifth percentile of the probabilistic species sensitivity distribution, based on 53 values from 14 freshwater species, to have a mode of 7.4 × 105 particles · m−3 (25th and 75th quantiles of 6.1 × 105 and 1.3 × 106 particles · m−3, respectively). The exposure probability distribution was divided by the PNEC probability distribution to calculate risk characterization ratios (RCRs), with modes of 1.3 × 10−6 in North America, 3.3 × 10−6 in Europe, and 4.6 × 10−3 in Asia. Probability distributions associated with the RCRs showed that ecological risks cannot be entirely excluded in Asia, where 0.4% of the RCR values were above 1. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:436–447. © 2018 SETAC The environmental risk of microplastics was assessed using a probabilistic approach in the freshwaters of Asia, Europe, and North America. Results show that such risks cannot be excluded in Asia. Microplastics have been detected in freshwaters all over the world in almost all samples, and ecotoxicological studies have shown adverse effects of microplastics on organisms. However, no risk assessment of microplastics has been performed specifically in freshwater so far. The aim of the present study was therefore to review all exposure and ecotoxicity data available for microplastics in freshwaters and to perform a preliminary probabilistic risk assessment. The exposure probability distribution was based on 391 concentrations measured in Asia, Europe, and North America. Because exposure data are mainly available in particle number-based metrics but results from hazard studies are mostly mass-based, the hazard results were converted into particle number concentrations. A statistical analysis of the hazard data showed that there was no significant influence of particle shape or type of polymer on the no-observed-effect concentration. The predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated as the fifth percentile of the probabilistic species sensitivity distribution, based on 53 values from 14 freshwater species, to have a mode of 7.4 × 10 particles · m (25th and 75th quantiles of 6.1 × 10 and 1.3 × 10 particles · m , respectively). The exposure probability distribution was divided by the PNEC probability distribution to calculate risk characterization ratios (RCRs), with modes of 1.3 × 10 in North America, 3.3 × 10 in Europe, and 4.6 × 10 in Asia. Probability distributions associated with the RCRs showed that ecological risks cannot be entirely excluded in Asia, where 0.4% of the RCR values were above 1. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:436-447. © 2018 SETAC. |
| Author | Yang, Tong Adam, Véronique Nowack, Bernd |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology St. Gallen Switzerland |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology St. Gallen Switzerland |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Véronique surname: Adam fullname: Adam, Véronique organization: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: Tong surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Tong organization: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology – sequence: 3 givenname: Bernd surname: Nowack fullname: Nowack, Bernd email: bernd.nowack@empa.ch organization: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30488983$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. 2018 SETAC. 2019 SETAC |
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| Keywords | Probabilistic species sensitivity distribution Probabilistic risk assessment Microplastics Freshwater |
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| SubjectTerms | adverse effects Asia ecotoxicology Europe Exposure Fresh water Freshwater Hazard/Risk Assessment Mathematical analysis Microplastics North America Particle shape Polymers Probabilistic risk assessment Probabilistic species sensitivity distribution Probability distribution Quantiles risk Risk assessment risk characterization Statistical analysis Statistical methods |
| Title | Toward an ecotoxicological risk assessment of microplastics: Comparison of available hazard and exposure data in freshwaters |
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