Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines

•This article updates the previous safety guidelines from 2009.•Safety of new devices and techniques is considered.•Operational guidelines for future protocols using TMS are provided. This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical...

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Published inClinical neurophysiology Vol. 132; no. 1; pp. 269 - 306
Main Authors Rossi, Simone, Antal, Andrea, Bestmann, Sven, Bikson, Marom, Brewer, Carmen, Brockmöller, Jürgen, Carpenter, Linda L., Cincotta, Massimo, Chen, Robert, Daskalakis, Jeff D., Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo, Fox, Michael D., George, Mark S., Gilbert, Donald, Kimiskidis, Vasilios K., Koch, Giacomo, Ilmoniemi, Risto J., Lefaucheur, Jean Pascal, Leocani, Letizia, Lisanby, Sarah H., Miniussi, Carlo, Padberg, Frank, Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, Paulus, Walter, Peterchev, Angel V., Quartarone, Angelo, Rotenberg, Alexander, Rothwell, John, Rossini, Paolo M., Santarnecchi, Emiliano, Shafi, Mouhsin M., Siebner, Hartwig R., Ugawa, Yoshikatzu, Wassermann, Eric M., Zangen, Abraham, Ziemann, Ulf, Hallett, Mark
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.01.2021
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Abstract •This article updates the previous safety guidelines from 2009.•Safety of new devices and techniques is considered.•Operational guidelines for future protocols using TMS are provided. This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) in October 2018. The meeting intended to update the ten-year-old safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings (Rossi et al., 2009). Therefore, only emerging and new issues are covered in detail, leaving still valid the 2009 recommendations regarding the description of conventional or patterned TMS protocols, the screening of subjects/patients, the need of neurophysiological monitoring for new protocols, the utilization of reference thresholds of stimulation, the managing of seizures and the list of minor side effects. New issues discussed in detail from the meeting up to April 2020 are safety issues of recently developed stimulation devices and pulse configurations; duties and responsibility of device makers; novel scenarios of TMS applications such as in the neuroimaging context or imaging-guided and robot-guided TMS; TMS interleaved with transcranial electrical stimulation; safety during paired associative stimulation interventions; and risks of using TMS to induce therapeutic seizures (magnetic seizure therapy). An update on the possible induction of seizures, theoretically the most serious risk of TMS, is provided. It has become apparent that such a risk is low, even in patients taking drugs acting on the central nervous system, at least with the use of traditional stimulation parameters and focal coils for which large data sets are available. Finally, new operational guidelines are provided for safety in planning future trials based on traditional and patterned TMS protocols, as well as a summary of the minimal training requirements for operators, and a note on ethics of neuroenhancement.
AbstractList This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) in October 2018. The meeting intended to update the ten-year-old safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings (Rossi et al., 2009). Therefore, only emerging and new issues are covered in detail, leaving still valid the 2009 recommendations regarding the description of conventional or patterned TMS protocols, the screening of subjects/patients, the need of neurophysiological monitoring for new protocols, the utilization of reference thresholds of stimulation, the managing of seizures and the list of minor side effects. New issues discussed in detail from the meeting up to April 2020 are safety issues of recently developed stimulation devices and pulse configurations; duties and responsibility of device makers; novel scenarios of TMS applications such as in the neuroimaging context or imaging-guided and robot-guided TMS; TMS interleaved with transcranial electrical stimulation; safety during paired associative stimulation interventions; and risks of using TMS to induce therapeutic seizures (magnetic seizure therapy). An update on the possible induction of seizures, theoretically the most serious risk of TMS, is provided. It has become apparent that such a risk is low, even in patients taking drugs acting on the central nervous system, at least with the use of traditional stimulation parameters and focal coils for which large data sets are available. Finally, new operational guidelines are provided for safety in planning future trials based on traditional and patterned TMS protocols, as well as a summary of the minimal training requirements for operators, and a note on ethics of neuroenhancement.
Highlights•This article updates the previous safety guidelines from 2009. •Safety of new devices and techniques is considered. •Operational guidelines for future protocols using TMS are provided.
•This article updates the previous safety guidelines from 2009.•Safety of new devices and techniques is considered.•Operational guidelines for future protocols using TMS are provided. This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) in October 2018. The meeting intended to update the ten-year-old safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings (Rossi et al., 2009). Therefore, only emerging and new issues are covered in detail, leaving still valid the 2009 recommendations regarding the description of conventional or patterned TMS protocols, the screening of subjects/patients, the need of neurophysiological monitoring for new protocols, the utilization of reference thresholds of stimulation, the managing of seizures and the list of minor side effects. New issues discussed in detail from the meeting up to April 2020 are safety issues of recently developed stimulation devices and pulse configurations; duties and responsibility of device makers; novel scenarios of TMS applications such as in the neuroimaging context or imaging-guided and robot-guided TMS; TMS interleaved with transcranial electrical stimulation; safety during paired associative stimulation interventions; and risks of using TMS to induce therapeutic seizures (magnetic seizure therapy). An update on the possible induction of seizures, theoretically the most serious risk of TMS, is provided. It has become apparent that such a risk is low, even in patients taking drugs acting on the central nervous system, at least with the use of traditional stimulation parameters and focal coils for which large data sets are available. Finally, new operational guidelines are provided for safety in planning future trials based on traditional and patterned TMS protocols, as well as a summary of the minimal training requirements for operators, and a note on ethics of neuroenhancement.
This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) in October 2018. The meeting intended to update the ten-year-old safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings ( Rossi et al., 2009 ). Therefore, only emerging and new issues are covered in detail, leaving still valid the 2009 recommendations regarding the description of conventional or patterned TMS protocols, the screening of subjects/patients, the need of neurophysiological monitoring for new protocols, the utilization of reference thresholds of stimulation, the managing of seizures and the list of minor side effects. New issues discussed in detail from the meeting up to April 2020 are safety issues of recently developed stimulation devices and pulse configurations; duties and responsibility of device makers; novel scenarios of TMS applications such as in the neuroimaging context or imaging-guided and robot-guided TMS; TMS interleaved with transcranial electrical stimulation; safety during paired associative stimulation interventions; and risks of using TMS to induce therapeutic seizures (magnetic seizure therapy). An update on the possible induction of seizures, theoretically the most serious risk of TMS, is provided. It has become apparent that such a risk is low, even in patients taking drugs acting on the central nervous system, at least with the use of traditional stimulation parameters and focal coils for which large data sets are available. Finally, new operational guidelines are provided for safety in planning future trials based on traditional and patterned TMS protocols, as well as a summary of the minimal training requirements for operators, and a note on ethics of neuroenhancement.
This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) in October 2018. The meeting intended to update the ten-year-old safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings (Rossi et al., 2009). Therefore, only emerging and new issues are covered in detail, leaving still valid the 2009 recommendations regarding the description of conventional or patterned TMS protocols, the screening of subjects/patients, the need of neurophysiological monitoring for new protocols, the utilization of reference thresholds of stimulation, the managing of seizures and the list of minor side effects. New issues discussed in detail from the meeting up to April 2020 are safety issues of recently developed stimulation devices and pulse configurations; duties and responsibility of device makers; novel scenarios of TMS applications such as in the neuroimaging context or imaging-guided and robot-guided TMS; TMS interleaved with transcranial electrical stimulation; safety during paired associative stimulation interventions; and risks of using TMS to induce therapeutic seizures (magnetic seizure therapy). An update on the possible induction of seizures, theoretically the most serious risk of TMS, is provided. It has become apparent that such a risk is low, even in patients taking drugs acting on the central nervous system, at least with the use of traditional stimulation parameters and focal coils for which large data sets are available. Finally, new operational guidelines are provided for safety in planning future trials based on traditional and patterned TMS protocols, as well as a summary of the minimal training requirements for operators, and a note on ethics of neuroenhancement.This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) in October 2018. The meeting intended to update the ten-year-old safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings (Rossi et al., 2009). Therefore, only emerging and new issues are covered in detail, leaving still valid the 2009 recommendations regarding the description of conventional or patterned TMS protocols, the screening of subjects/patients, the need of neurophysiological monitoring for new protocols, the utilization of reference thresholds of stimulation, the managing of seizures and the list of minor side effects. New issues discussed in detail from the meeting up to April 2020 are safety issues of recently developed stimulation devices and pulse configurations; duties and responsibility of device makers; novel scenarios of TMS applications such as in the neuroimaging context or imaging-guided and robot-guided TMS; TMS interleaved with transcranial electrical stimulation; safety during paired associative stimulation interventions; and risks of using TMS to induce therapeutic seizures (magnetic seizure therapy). An update on the possible induction of seizures, theoretically the most serious risk of TMS, is provided. It has become apparent that such a risk is low, even in patients taking drugs acting on the central nervous system, at least with the use of traditional stimulation parameters and focal coils for which large data sets are available. Finally, new operational guidelines are provided for safety in planning future trials based on traditional and patterned TMS protocols, as well as a summary of the minimal training requirements for operators, and a note on ethics of neuroenhancement.
Author Wassermann, Eric M.
Bikson, Marom
Cincotta, Massimo
Antal, Andrea
Lefaucheur, Jean Pascal
Kimiskidis, Vasilios K.
George, Mark S.
Lisanby, Sarah H.
Koch, Giacomo
Bestmann, Sven
Quartarone, Angelo
Siebner, Hartwig R.
Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo
Padberg, Frank
Brewer, Carmen
Ziemann, Ulf
Santarnecchi, Emiliano
Gilbert, Donald
Ilmoniemi, Risto J.
Daskalakis, Jeff D.
Rossini, Paolo M.
Rotenberg, Alexander
Rossi, Simone
Pascual-Leone, Alvaro
Zangen, Abraham
Miniussi, Carlo
Paulus, Walter
Ugawa, Yoshikatzu
Carpenter, Linda L.
Hallett, Mark
Brockmöller, Jürgen
Fox, Michael D.
Leocani, Letizia
Rothwell, John
Shafi, Mouhsin M.
Chen, Robert
Peterchev, Angel V.
AuthorAffiliation j Krembil Research Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
c Institue of Medical Psychology, Otto-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
ap Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
ai Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
e Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
ae Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, and Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
z Center for Mind/Brain Sciences – CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
ag Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
o Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital,
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– name: v Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, (APHP), Créteil, France
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– name: n Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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– name: o Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
– name: p Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
– name: ad Guttmann Brain Health Institut, Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Spain
– name: m Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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– name: an Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
– name: ao Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33243615$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 1
Keywords Neurology
TBS
QPS
TMS
Safety
rTMS
Neuromodulation
Psychiatry
Language English
License This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
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Snippet •This article updates the previous safety guidelines from 2009.•Safety of new devices and techniques is considered.•Operational guidelines for future protocols...
Highlights•This article updates the previous safety guidelines from 2009. •Safety of new devices and techniques is considered. •Operational guidelines for...
This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in...
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SubjectTerms Brain - physiology
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Neurology
Neuromodulation
Psychiatry
QPS
rTMS
Safety
TBS
TMS
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - adverse effects
Title Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines
URI https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S1388245720305149
https://www.clinicalkey.es/playcontent/1-s2.0-S1388245720305149
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.003
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33243615
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2465438415
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9094636
Volume 132
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