Effective Fine-Structure Constant of Freestanding Graphene Measured in Graphite

Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals o...

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Published in	Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Vol. 330; no. 6005; pp. 805 - 808
Main Authors	Reed, James P, Uchoa, Bruno, Joe, Young Il, Gan, Yu, Casa, Diego, Fradkin, Eduardo, Abbamonte, Peter
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Washington, DC American Association for the Advancement of Science 05.11.2010 The American Association for the Advancement of Science
Subjects	Algorithms Charge Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties Crystal structure Crystals Dielectric materials Electron density Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films and low-dimensional structures Electronic structure of nanoscale materials : clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals Electrons Exact sciences and technology Fermions Graphene Graphite Impurities Inelastic scattering Momentum Physics Plasmons Reconstruction Screening Spectral bands Texts X-rays Fine structure Screening X-ray scattering Inelastic scattering Impurities Graphene Graphite Free-standing film Response functions Dirac particle Coulomb interaction
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Abstract	Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals of graphite and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical screening of charge in a freestanding graphene sheet. We found that the polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects, improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. The strength of interactions is characterized by a scale-dependent, effective fine-structure constant, [Formula: see text], the value of which approaches [Formula: see text] at low energy and large distances. This value is substantially smaller than the nominal [Formula: see text], suggesting that, on the whole, graphene is more weakly interacting than previously believed.
AbstractList	Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals of graphite and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical screening of charge in a freestanding graphene sheet. We found that the polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects, improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. The strength of interactions is characterized by a scale-dependent, effective fine-structure constant, $\alpha _g^* $ (k, ω), the value of which approaches 0.14 ± 0.092 ~ 1/7 at low energy and large distances. This value is substantially smaller than the nominal α g = 2.2, suggesting that, on the whole, graphene is more weakly interacting than previously believed. Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals of graphite and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical screening of charge in a freestanding graphene sheet. We found that the polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects, improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. The strength of interactions is characterized by a scale-dependent, effective fine-structure constant, α(g)* (k,ω), the value of which approaches 0.14 ± 0.092 ~ 1/7 at low energy and large distances. This value is substantially smaller than the nominal α(g) = 2.2, suggesting that, on the whole, graphene is more weakly interacting than previously believed. Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals of graphite and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical screening of charge in a freestanding graphene sheet. We found that the polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects, improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals of graphite and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical screening of charge in a freestanding graphene sheet. We found that the polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects, improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. The strength of interactions is characterized by a scale-dependent, effective fine-structure constant, [Formula: see text], the value of which approaches [Formula: see text] at low energy and large distances. This value is substantially smaller than the nominal [Formula: see text], suggesting that, on the whole, graphene is more weakly interacting than previously believed. Many unusual properties of graphene are a consequence of the Dirac dispersion of its electrons -- a linear relationship between an electron's momentum and energy. Naïvely, this dispersion leads to the conclusion that electrons in graphene are strongly affected by mutual electrostatic interactions; however, there is little experimental evidence for strong interaction. Reed et al. (p. 805) resolved this discrepancy by using inelastic x-ray scattering spectra of graphite (which consists of loosely bound layers of graphene) to estimate how much the electric field was damped by the presence of mobile charge carriers. In fact, damping was strong at distances in excess of 1 nanometer, suggesting that graphene is more weakly interacting than was assumed. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals of graphite and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical screening of charge in a freestanding graphene sheet. We found that the polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects, improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. The strength of interactions is characterized by a scale-dependent, effective fine-structure constant, (ProQuest: Formulae and/or non-USASCII text omitted), suggesting that, on the whole, graphene is more weakly interacting than previously believed. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Many unusual properties of graphene are a consequence of the Dirac dispersion of its electrons—a linear relationship between an electron's momentum and energy. Naïvely, this dispersion leads to the conclusion that electrons in graphene are strongly affected by mutual electrostatic interactions; however, there is little experimental evidence for strong interaction. Reed et al. (p. 805 ) resolved this discrepancy by using inelastic x-ray scattering spectra of graphite (which consists of loosely bound layers of graphene) to estimate how much the electric field was damped by the presence of mobile charge carriers. In fact, damping was strong at distances in excess of 1 nanometer, suggesting that graphene is more weakly interacting than was assumed. Spectral analysis of graphite reveals an unexpectedly low influence of electron interactions in graphene. Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is whether or not these fermions are critically influenced by Coulomb correlations. We performed inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on crystals of graphite and applied reconstruction algorithms to image the dynamical screening of charge in a freestanding graphene sheet. We found that the polarizability of the Dirac fermions is amplified by excitonic effects, improving screening of interactions between quasiparticles. The strength of interactions is characterized by a scale-dependent, effective fine-structure constant, α g * ( k , ω ) , the value of which approaches 0.14 ± 0.092 ~ 1 / 7 at low energy and large distances. This value is substantially smaller than the nominal α g = 2.2 , suggesting that, on the whole, graphene is more weakly interacting than previously believed.
Author	Uchoa, Bruno Joe, Young Il Casa, Diego Abbamonte, Peter Gan, Yu Fradkin, Eduardo Reed, James P
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Keywords	Fine structure Screening X-ray scattering Inelastic scattering Impurities Graphene Graphite Free-standing film Response functions Dirac particle Coulomb interaction
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Snippet	Electrons in graphene behave like Dirac fermions, permitting phenomena from high-energy physics to be studied in a solid-state setting. A key question is... Many unusual properties of graphene are a consequence of the Dirac dispersion of its electrons—a linear relationship between an electron's momentum and energy.... Many unusual properties of graphene are a consequence of the Dirac dispersion of its electrons -- a linear relationship between an electron's momentum and...
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SubjectTerms	Algorithms Charge Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties Crystal structure Crystals Dielectric materials Electron density Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films and low-dimensional structures Electronic structure of nanoscale materials : clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals Electrons Exact sciences and technology Fermions Graphene Graphite Impurities Inelastic scattering Momentum Physics Plasmons Reconstruction Screening Spectral bands Texts X-rays
Title	Effective Fine-Structure Constant of Freestanding Graphene Measured in Graphite
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