Synthesis and characterization of photocrosslinkable gelatin and silk fibroin interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels

To effectively repair or replace damaged tissues, it is necessary to design scaffolds with tunable structural and biomechanical properties that closely mimic the host tissue. In this paper, we describe a newly synthesized photocrosslinkable interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel based on ge...

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Published in	Acta biomaterialia Vol. 7; no. 6; pp. 2384 - 2393
Main Authors	Xiao, Wenqian, He, Jiankang, Nichol, Jason W., Wang, Lianyong, Hutson, Ché B., Wang, Ben, Du, Yanan, Fan, Hongsong, Khademhosseini, Ali
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	England Elsevier Ltd 01.06.2011
Subjects	actin biomechanics chemistry Cross-Linking Reagents Cross-Linking Reagents - chemistry crosslinking crystallization fibroblasts Fibroins Fibroins - chemistry freeze drying Gelatin Gelatin - chemistry hydrocolloids Hydrogel Hydrogels Interpenetrating polymer networks medicine Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Photochemistry Photocrosslinking polymerization polymers Polymers - chemistry silk Silk - chemistry Silk fibroin tissue engineering Silk fibroin Hydrogel Interpenetrating polymer networks Gelatin Photocrosslinking
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	1742-7061 1878-7568 1878-7568
DOI	10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.016

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Abstract	To effectively repair or replace damaged tissues, it is necessary to design scaffolds with tunable structural and biomechanical properties that closely mimic the host tissue. In this paper, we describe a newly synthesized photocrosslinkable interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and silk fibroin (SF) formed by sequential polymerization, which possesses tunable structural and biological properties. Experimental results revealed that IPNs, where both the GelMA and SF were independently crosslinked in interpenetrating networks, demonstrated a lower swelling ratio, higher compressive modulus and lower degradation rate as compared to the GelMA and semi-IPN hydrogels, where only GelMA was crosslinked. These differences were likely caused by a higher degree of overall crosslinking due to the presence of crystallized SF in the IPN hydrogels. NIH-3T3 fibroblasts readily attached to, spread and proliferated on the surface of IPN hydrogels, as demonstrated by F-actin staining and analysis of mitochondrial activity (MTT). In addition, photolithography combined with lyophilization techniques was used to fabricate three-dimensional micropatterned and porous microscaffolds from GelMA–SF IPN hydrogels, furthering their versatility for use in various microscale tissue engineering applications. Overall, this study introduces a class of photocrosslinkable, mechanically robust and tunable IPN hydrogels that could be useful for various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
AbstractList	To effectively repair or replace damaged tissues, it is necessary to design scaffolds with tunable structural and biomechanical properties that closely mimic the host tissue. In this paper, we describe a newly synthesized photocrosslinkable interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and silk fibroin (SF) formed by sequential polymerization, which possesses tunable structural and biological properties. Experimental results revealed that IPNs, where both the GelMA and SF were independently crosslinked in interpenetrating networks, demonstrated a lower swelling ratio, higher compressive modulus and lower degradation rate as compared to the GelMA and semi-IPN hydrogels, where only GelMA was crosslinked. These differences were likely caused by a higher degree of overall crosslinking due to the presence of crystallized SF in the IPN hydrogels. NIH-3T3 fibroblasts readily attached to, spread and proliferated on the surface of IPN hydrogels, as demonstrated by F-actin staining and analysis of mitochondrial activity (MTT). In addition, photolithography combined with lyophilization techniques was used to fabricate three-dimensional micropatterned and porous microscaffolds from GelMA–SF IPN hydrogels, furthering their versatility for use in various microscale tissue engineering applications. Overall, this study introduces a class of photocrosslinkable, mechanically robust and tunable IPN hydrogels that could be useful for various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. To effectively repair or replace damaged tissues, it is necessary to design scaffolds with tunable structural and biomechanical properties that closely mimic the host tissue. In this paper, we describe a newly synthesized photocrosslinkable interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and silk fibroin (SF) formed by sequential polymerization, which possesses tunable structural and biological properties. Experimental results revealed that IPNs, where both the GelMA and SF were independently crosslinked in interpenetrating networks, demonstrated a lower swelling ratio, higher compressive modulus and lower degradation rate as compared to the GelMA and semi-IPN hydrogels, where only GelMA was crosslinked. These differences were likely caused by a higher degree of overall crosslinking due to the presence of crystallized SF in the IPN hydrogels. NIH-3T3 fibroblasts readily attached to, spread, and proliferated on the surface of IPN hydrogels as demonstrated by F-actin staining and analysis of mitochondrial activity (MTT). In addition, photolithography combined with lyophilization techniques was used to fabricate 3D micropatterned and porous micro-scaffolds from GelMA-SF IPN hydrogels, furthering their versatility for use in various microscale tissue engineering applications. Overall, this study introduces a class of photocrosslinkable, mechanically robust and tunable IPN hydrogels that could be useful for various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. To effectively repair or replace damaged tissues, it is necessary to design scaffolds with tunable structural and biomechanical properties that closely mimic the host tissue. In this paper, we describe a newly synthesized photocrosslinkable interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and silk fibroin (SF) formed by sequential polymerization, which possesses tunable structural and biological properties. Experimental results revealed that IPNs, where both the GelMA and SF were independently crosslinked in interpenetrating networks, demonstrated a lower swelling ratio, higher compressive modulus and lower degradation rate as compared to the GelMA and semi-IPN hydrogels, where only GelMA was crosslinked. These differences were likely caused by a higher degree of overall crosslinking due to the presence of crystallized SF in the IPN hydrogels. NIH-3T3 fibroblasts readily attached to, spread and proliferated on the surface of IPN hydrogels, as demonstrated by F-actin staining and analysis of mitochondrial activity (MTT). In addition, photolithography combined with lyophilization techniques was used to fabricate three-dimensional micropatterned and porous microscaffolds from GelMA-SF IPN hydrogels, furthering their versatility for use in various microscale tissue engineering applications. Overall, this study introduces a class of photocrosslinkable, mechanically robust and tunable IPN hydrogels that could be useful for various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.To effectively repair or replace damaged tissues, it is necessary to design scaffolds with tunable structural and biomechanical properties that closely mimic the host tissue. In this paper, we describe a newly synthesized photocrosslinkable interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and silk fibroin (SF) formed by sequential polymerization, which possesses tunable structural and biological properties. Experimental results revealed that IPNs, where both the GelMA and SF were independently crosslinked in interpenetrating networks, demonstrated a lower swelling ratio, higher compressive modulus and lower degradation rate as compared to the GelMA and semi-IPN hydrogels, where only GelMA was crosslinked. These differences were likely caused by a higher degree of overall crosslinking due to the presence of crystallized SF in the IPN hydrogels. NIH-3T3 fibroblasts readily attached to, spread and proliferated on the surface of IPN hydrogels, as demonstrated by F-actin staining and analysis of mitochondrial activity (MTT). In addition, photolithography combined with lyophilization techniques was used to fabricate three-dimensional micropatterned and porous microscaffolds from GelMA-SF IPN hydrogels, furthering their versatility for use in various microscale tissue engineering applications. Overall, this study introduces a class of photocrosslinkable, mechanically robust and tunable IPN hydrogels that could be useful for various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Author	Nichol, Jason W. He, Jiankang Hutson, Ché B. Du, Yanan Xiao, Wenqian Fan, Hongsong Wang, Ben Khademhosseini, Ali Wang, Lianyong
AuthorAffiliation	e Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR. China d State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shanxi, 710049, PR China b Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA c National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China a Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: d State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shanxi, 710049, PR China – name: e Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR. China – name: b Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA – name: c National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China – name: a Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Wenqian surname: Xiao fullname: Xiao, Wenqian organization: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Jiankang surname: He fullname: He, Jiankang organization: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Jason W. surname: Nichol fullname: Nichol, Jason W. organization: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Lianyong surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Lianyong organization: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Ché B. surname: Hutson fullname: Hutson, Ché B. organization: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Ben surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Ben organization: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Yanan surname: Du fullname: Du, Yanan organization: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Hongsong surname: Fan fullname: Fan, Hongsong organization: National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China – sequence: 9 givenname: Ali surname: Khademhosseini fullname: Khademhosseini, Ali email: alik@rics.bwh.harvard.edu, alik@mit.edu organization: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295165$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	To effectively repair or replace damaged tissues, it is necessary to design scaffolds with tunable structural and biomechanical properties that closely mimic...
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SubjectTerms	actin biomechanics chemistry Cross-Linking Reagents Cross-Linking Reagents - chemistry crosslinking crystallization fibroblasts Fibroins Fibroins - chemistry freeze drying Gelatin Gelatin - chemistry hydrocolloids Hydrogel Hydrogels Interpenetrating polymer networks medicine Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Photochemistry Photocrosslinking polymerization polymers Polymers - chemistry silk Silk - chemistry Silk fibroin tissue engineering
Title	Synthesis and characterization of photocrosslinkable gelatin and silk fibroin interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.016 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295165 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1678563547 https://www.proquest.com/docview/864779948 https://www.proquest.com/docview/918070253 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3085717
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