The effectiveness of health animations in audiences with different health literacy levels: an experimental study

• Published in: Journal of medical Internet research Vol. 17; no. 1; p. e11
• Main Authors: Meppelink, Corine S, van Weert, Julia C M, Haven, Carola J, Smit, Edith G
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Canada Journal of Medical Internet Research 01.01.2015; Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH, Associate Professor; JMIR Publications Inc; JMIR Publications
• Subjects: Aged; Animation; Attitudes; Audiences; Audiovisual Aids; Cancer; Cognitive load; Colorectal cancer; Colorectal Neoplasms - diagnosis; Communication; Comprehension; Computer Graphics; Diagnosis; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health education; Health information; Health Literacy; Health Promotion - methods; Health status; Humans; Hypotheses; Illustrations; Information processing; Internet; Male; Mediation; Medical Illustration; Medical screening; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Original Paper; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Recall; Websites; Netherlands; cancer screening; colorectal cancer; memory; health literacy; attitudes; reading; audiovisual media; medical illustration; prevention; animation
• DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3979
• ISSN: 1438-8871; 1439-4456

Processing Web-based health information can be difficult, especially for people with low health literacy. Presenting health information in an audiovisual format, such as animation, is expected to improve understanding among low health literate audiences. The aim of this paper is to investigate what features of spoken health animations improve information recall and attitudes and whether there are differences between health literacy groups. We conducted an online experiment among 231 participants aged 55 years or older with either low or high health literacy. A 2 (spoken vs written text) x 2 (illustration vs animation) design was used. Participants were randomly exposed to one of the four experimental messages, all providing the same information on colorectal cancer screening. The results showed that, among people with low health literacy, spoken messages about colorectal cancer screening improved recall (P=.03) and attitudes (P=.02) compared to written messages. Animations alone did not improve recall, but when combined with spoken text, they significantly improved recall in this group (P=.02). When exposed to spoken animations, people with low health literacy recalled the same amount of information as their high health literate counterparts (P=.12), whereas in all other conditions people with high health literacy recalled more information compared to low health literate individuals. For people with low health literacy, positive attitudes mediated the relationship between spoken text and the intention to have a colorectal cancer screening (b=.12; 95% CI 0.02-0.25). We conclude that spoken animation is the best way to communicate complex health information to people with low health literacy. This format can even bridge the information processing gap between audiences with low and high health literacy as the recall differences between the two groups are eliminated. As animations do not negatively influence high health literate audiences, it is concluded that information adapted to audiences with low health literacy suits people with high health literacy as well.