Understanding the broad influence of sex hormones and sex differences in the brain

Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular processes that alter structure and function of neural systems and influence behavior as well as providing neuroprotection. Within...

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Published inJournal of neuroscience research Vol. 95; no. 1-2; pp. 24 - 39
Main Authors McEwen, Bruce S., Milner, Teresa A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.01.2017
Subjects
Animals
Blood pressure
Brain
Brain - drug effects
Brain - physiology
Calcium sequestration
Calcium signalling
cardiovascular
Cellular structure
cerebellum
Cholinergics
Cognitive ability
Down-regulation
estrogens
Female
Functional anatomy
Gender
Gender differences
Gene expression
Genetic factors
Glial cells
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - history
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - metabolism
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - pharmacology
hippocampus
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Influence functions
Male
Neuronal-glial interactions
Neuroprotection
Neurotransmitter receptors
Opioid receptors
Oxidative stress
Pain sensitivity
prefrontal cortex
Receptor mechanisms
Receptors
Sex Characteristics
Sex differences
Sex hormones
Spine
stress
Structure-function relationships
Synapses
γ-Aminobutyric acid
estrogens
stress
hippocampus
cardiovascular
prefrontal cortex
cerebellum
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Abstract Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular processes that alter structure and function of neural systems and influence behavior as well as providing neuroprotection. Within neurons, sex hormone receptors are found in nuclei and are also located near membranes, where they are associated with presynaptic terminals, mitochondria, spine apparatus, and postsynaptic densities. Sex hormone receptors also are found in glial cells. Hormonal regulation of a variety of signaling pathways as well as direct and indirect effects on gene expression induce spine synapses, up‐ or downregulate and alter the distribution of neurotransmitter receptors, and regulate neuropeptide expression and cholinergic and GABAergic activity as well as calcium sequestration and oxidative stress. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences and responses to sex hormones in brain regions, which influence functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era of our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender‐related behaviors and brain functions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AbstractList Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular processes that alter structure and function of neural systems and influence behavior as well as providing neuroprotection. Within neurons, sex hormone receptors are found in nuclei and are also located near membranes, where they are associated with presynaptic terminals, mitochondria, spine apparatus, and postsynaptic densities. Sex hormone receptors also are found in glial cells. Hormonal regulation of a variety of signaling pathways as well as direct and indirect effects on gene expression induce spine synapses, up- or downregulate and alter the distribution of neurotransmitter receptors, and regulate neuropeptide expression and cholinergic and GABAergic activity as well as calcium sequestration and oxidative stress. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences and responses to sex hormones in brain regions, which influence functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era of our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular processes that alter structure and function of neural systems and influence behavior as well as providing neuroprotection. Within neurons, sex hormone receptors are found in nuclei and are also located near membranes, where they are associated with presynaptic terminals, mitochondria, spine apparatus, and postsynaptic densities. Sex hormone receptors also are found in glial cells. Hormonal regulation of a variety of signaling pathways as well as direct and indirect effects on gene expression induce spine synapses, up- or downregulate and alter the distribution of neurotransmitter receptors, and regulate neuropeptide expression and cholinergic and GABAergic activity as well as calcium sequestration and oxidative stress. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences and responses to sex hormones in brain regions, which influence functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era of our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.
Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular processes that alter structure and function of neural systems and influence behavior as well as providing neuroprotection. Within neurons, sex hormone receptors are found in nuclei and are also located near membranes, where they are associated with presynaptic terminals, mitochondria, spine apparatus, and postsynaptic densities. Sex hormone receptors also are found in glial cells. Hormonal regulation of a variety of signaling pathways as well as direct and indirect effects on gene expression induce spine synapses, up- or downregulate and alter the distribution of neurotransmitter receptors, and regulate neuropeptide expression and cholinergic and GABAergic activity as well as calcium sequestration and oxidative stress. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences and responses to sex hormones in brain regions, which influence functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era of our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular processes that alter structure and function of neural systems and influence behavior as well as providing neuroprotection. Within neurons, sex hormone receptors are found in nuclei and are also located near membranes, where they are associated with presynaptic terminals, mitochondria, spine apparatus, and postsynaptic densities. Sex hormone receptors also are found in glial cells. Hormonal regulation of a variety of signaling pathways as well as direct and indirect effects on gene expression induce spine synapses, up- or downregulate and alter the distribution of neurotransmitter receptors, and regulate neuropeptide expression and cholinergic and GABAergic activity as well as calcium sequestration and oxidative stress. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences and responses to sex hormones in brain regions, which influence functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era of our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and non-genomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular processes that alter structure and function of neural systems and influence behavior as well as providing neuroprotection. Within neurons, sex hormone receptors are found in nuclei and are also located near membranes where they are associated with presynaptic terminals, mitochondria, spine apparatus, post-synaptic densities. Sex hormone receptors also are found in glial cells. Hormonal regulation of a variety of signaling pathways as well as direct and indirect effects upon gene expression induce spine synapses, up- or down-regulate and alter the distribution of neurotransmitter receptors, regulate neuropeptide expression and cholinergic and GABAergic activity as well as calcium sequestration and oxidative stress. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not-yet-precisely-defined genetic factors including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences and responses to sex hormones in brain regions, and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicates that we are entering a new era of our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.
Author Milner, Teresa A.
McEwen, Bruce S.
AuthorAffiliation 1 Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
– name: 2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Bruce S.
  surname: McEwen
  fullname: McEwen, Bruce S.
  email: mcewen@mail.rockefeller.edu
  organization: The Rockefeller University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Teresa A.
  surname: Milner
  fullname: Milner, Teresa A.
  organization: Weill Cornell Medicine
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27870427$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 1-2
Keywords estrogens
stress
hippocampus
cardiovascular
prefrontal cortex
cerebellum
Language English
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Notes SIGNIFICANCE: Sex hormones act throughout the entire brains of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors and through many cellular and molecular processes that alter structure and function of neural systems and influence behavior as well as providing neuroprotection. Developmentally programmed, subtle sex differences and responses to sex hormones that influence functions and brain regions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicates that we are entering a new era of our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender‐related behaviors and brain functions.
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PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace United States
PublicationPlace_xml – name: United States
– name: Hoboken
PublicationTitle Journal of neuroscience research
PublicationTitleAlternate J Neurosci Res
PublicationYear 2017
Publisher Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Publisher_xml – name: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
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Snippet Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular...
Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and non-genomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular...
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StartPage 24
SubjectTerms Animals
Blood pressure
Brain
Brain - drug effects
Brain - physiology
Calcium sequestration
Calcium signalling
cardiovascular
Cellular structure
cerebellum
Cholinergics
Cognitive ability
Down-regulation
estrogens
Female
Functional anatomy
Gender
Gender differences
Gene expression
Genetic factors
Glial cells
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - history
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - metabolism
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - pharmacology
hippocampus
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Influence functions
Male
Neuronal-glial interactions
Neuroprotection
Neurotransmitter receptors
Opioid receptors
Oxidative stress
Pain sensitivity
prefrontal cortex
Receptor mechanisms
Receptors
Sex Characteristics
Sex differences
Sex hormones
Spine
stress
Structure-function relationships
Synapses
γ-Aminobutyric acid
Title Understanding the broad influence of sex hormones and sex differences in the brain
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fjnr.23809
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27870427
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1836503552
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1907284307
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1842550747
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1846400515
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5120618
Volume 95
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