Host Gene Regulation by Transposable Elements: The New, the Old and the Ugly

The human genome has been under selective pressure to evolve in response to emerging pathogens and other environmental challenges. Genome evolution includes the acquisition of new genes or new isoforms of genes and changes to gene expression patterns. One source of genome innovation is from transpos...

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Published inViruses Vol. 12; no. 10; p. 1089
Main Authors Enriquez-Gasca, Rocio, Gould, Poppy A., Rowe, Helen M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 26.09.2020
MDPI
Subjects
coevolution
DNA methylation
DNA Transposable Elements - genetics
endogenous retroviruses
Endogenous Retroviruses - genetics
Enhancers
Epigenesis, Genetic - genetics
epigenetic repression
Epigenetics
Evolutionary genetics
Gene expression
gene expression regulation
Gene Expression Regulation - genetics
Gene regulation
genes
Genomes
germ cells
Humans
Intracisternal A-type particle elements
Isoforms
Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements - genetics
Open reading frames
Pathogens
position-effect variegation
Promoter Regions, Genetic - genetics
Proteins
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid - genetics
Retroviridae
Review
Stem cells
transposable elements
transposons
KRAB-associated protein 1
endogenous retroviruses
gene regulation
X chromosome inactivation
epigenetic repression
genomic imprinting
transposable elements
Intracisternal A-type particle elements
position-effect variegation
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Abstract The human genome has been under selective pressure to evolve in response to emerging pathogens and other environmental challenges. Genome evolution includes the acquisition of new genes or new isoforms of genes and changes to gene expression patterns. One source of genome innovation is from transposable elements (TEs), which carry their own promoters, enhancers and open reading frames and can act as ‘controlling elements’ for our own genes. TEs include LINE-1 elements, which can retrotranspose intracellularly and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that represent remnants of past retroviral germline infections. Although once pathogens, ERVs also represent an enticing source of incoming genetic material that the host can then repurpose. ERVs and other TEs have coevolved with host genes for millions of years, which has allowed them to become embedded within essential gene expression programmes. Intriguingly, these host genes are often subject to the same epigenetic control mechanisms that evolved to combat the TEs that now regulate them. Here, we illustrate the breadth of host gene regulation through TEs by focusing on examples of young (The New), ancient (The Old), and disease-causing (The Ugly) TE integrants.
AbstractList The human genome has been under selective pressure to evolve in response to emerging pathogens and other environmental challenges. Genome evolution includes the acquisition of new genes or new isoforms of genes and changes to gene expression patterns. One source of genome innovation is from transposable elements (TEs), which carry their own promoters, enhancers and open reading frames and can act as ‘controlling elements’ for our own genes. TEs include LINE-1 elements, which can retrotranspose intracellularly and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that represent remnants of past retroviral germline infections. Although once pathogens, ERVs also represent an enticing source of incoming genetic material that the host can then repurpose. ERVs and other TEs have coevolved with host genes for millions of years, which has allowed them to become embedded within essential gene expression programmes. Intriguingly, these host genes are often subject to the same epigenetic control mechanisms that evolved to combat the TEs that now regulate them. Here, we illustrate the breadth of host gene regulation through TEs by focusing on examples of young (The New), ancient (The Old), and disease-causing (The Ugly) TE integrants.
The human genome has been under selective pressure to evolve in response to emerging pathogens and other environmental challenges. Genome evolution includes the acquisition of new genes or new isoforms of genes and changes to gene expression patterns. One source of genome innovation is from transposable elements (TEs), which carry their own promoters, enhancers and open reading frames and can act as 'controlling elements' for our own genes. TEs include LINE-1 elements, which can retrotranspose intracellularly and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that represent remnants of past retroviral germline infections. Although once pathogens, ERVs also represent an enticing source of incoming genetic material that the host can then repurpose. ERVs and other TEs have coevolved with host genes for millions of years, which has allowed them to become embedded within essential gene expression programmes. Intriguingly, these host genes are often subject to the same epigenetic control mechanisms that evolved to combat the TEs that now regulate them. Here, we illustrate the breadth of host gene regulation through TEs by focusing on examples of young (The New), ancient (The Old), and disease-causing (The Ugly) TE integrants.The human genome has been under selective pressure to evolve in response to emerging pathogens and other environmental challenges. Genome evolution includes the acquisition of new genes or new isoforms of genes and changes to gene expression patterns. One source of genome innovation is from transposable elements (TEs), which carry their own promoters, enhancers and open reading frames and can act as 'controlling elements' for our own genes. TEs include LINE-1 elements, which can retrotranspose intracellularly and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that represent remnants of past retroviral germline infections. Although once pathogens, ERVs also represent an enticing source of incoming genetic material that the host can then repurpose. ERVs and other TEs have coevolved with host genes for millions of years, which has allowed them to become embedded within essential gene expression programmes. Intriguingly, these host genes are often subject to the same epigenetic control mechanisms that evolved to combat the TEs that now regulate them. Here, we illustrate the breadth of host gene regulation through TEs by focusing on examples of young (The New), ancient (The Old), and disease-causing (The Ugly) TE integrants.
Author Rowe, Helen M.
Gould, Poppy A.
Enriquez-Gasca, Rocio
AuthorAffiliation Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; r.enriquez-gasca@qmul.ac.uk (R.E.-G.); p.gould@qmul.ac.uk (P.A.G.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; r.enriquez-gasca@qmul.ac.uk (R.E.-G.); p.gould@qmul.ac.uk (P.A.G.)
Author_xml – sequence: 1
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  surname: Enriquez-Gasca
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-6101-9296
  surname: Gould
  fullname: Gould, Poppy A.
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Helen M.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5881-0290
  surname: Rowe
  fullname: Rowe, Helen M.
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32993145$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords KRAB-associated protein 1
endogenous retroviruses
gene regulation
X chromosome inactivation
epigenetic repression
genomic imprinting
transposable elements
Intracisternal A-type particle elements
position-effect variegation
Language English
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Snippet The human genome has been under selective pressure to evolve in response to emerging pathogens and other environmental challenges. Genome evolution includes...
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SubjectTerms coevolution
DNA methylation
DNA Transposable Elements - genetics
endogenous retroviruses
Endogenous Retroviruses - genetics
Enhancers
Epigenesis, Genetic - genetics
epigenetic repression
Epigenetics
Evolutionary genetics
Gene expression
gene expression regulation
Gene Expression Regulation - genetics
Gene regulation
genes
Genomes
germ cells
Humans
Intracisternal A-type particle elements
Isoforms
Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements - genetics
Open reading frames
Pathogens
position-effect variegation
Promoter Regions, Genetic - genetics
Proteins
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid - genetics
Retroviridae
Review
Stem cells
transposable elements
transposons
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Title Host Gene Regulation by Transposable Elements: The New, the Old and the Ugly
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Volume 12
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