Mutations in key driver genes of pancreatic cancer: molecularly targeted therapies and other clinical implications

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with a minimal difference between its incidence rate and mortality rate. Advances in oncology over the past several decades have dramatically improved the overall survival of patients with multiple cancers due to the implemen...

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Published inActa pharmacologica Sinica Vol. 42; no. 11; pp. 1725 - 1741
Main Authors Hu, Hai-feng, Ye, Zeng, Qin, Yi, Xu, Xiao-wu, Yu, Xian-jun, Zhuo, Qi-feng, Ji, Shun-rong
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Singapore Springer Singapore 01.11.2021
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
Adenocarcinoma
Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
BRCA2 protein
Cancer
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal - genetics
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal - therapy
Chemotherapy
Clinical trials
Clinical Trials as Topic - methods
Diagnosis
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing - methods
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing - trends
Humans
Immunology
Internal Medicine
Medical Microbiology
Molecular Targeted Therapy - methods
Molecular Targeted Therapy - trends
Mortality
Mutation
Mutation - genetics
Next-generation sequencing
Oncogenes - genetics
p53 Protein
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic Neoplasms - genetics
Pancreatic Neoplasms - therapy
Pharmacology/Toxicology
Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - genetics
Review
Review Article
Smad4 protein
Smad4 Protein - genetics
Survival
Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 - genetics
Tumors
Vaccine
pancreatic cancer
SMAD4
KRAS
clinical implication
CDKN2A
TP53
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1671-4083
1745-7254
1745-7254
DOI10.1038/s41401-020-00584-2

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Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with a minimal difference between its incidence rate and mortality rate. Advances in oncology over the past several decades have dramatically improved the overall survival of patients with multiple cancers due to the implementation of new techniques in early diagnosis, therapeutic drugs, and personalized therapy. However, pancreatic cancers remain recalcitrant, with a 5-year relative survival rate of <9%. The lack of measures for early diagnosis, strong resistance to chemotherapy, ineffective adjuvant chemotherapy and the unavailability of molecularly targeted therapy are responsible for the high mortality rate of this notorious disease. Genetically, PDAC progresses as a complex result of the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressors. Although next-generation sequencing has identified numerous new genetic alterations, their clinical implications remain unknown. Classically, oncogenic mutations in genes such as KRAS and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors, such as TP53 , CDNK2A , DPC4 / SMAD4, and BRCA2 , are frequently observed in PDAC. Currently, research on these key driver genes is still the main focus. Therefore, studies assessing the functions of these genes and their potential clinical implications are of paramount importance. In this review, we summarize the biological function of key driver genes and pharmaceutical targets in PDAC. In addition, we conclude the results of molecularly targeted therapies in clinical trials and discuss how to utilize these genetic alterations in further clinical practice.
AbstractList Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with a minimal difference between its incidence rate and mortality rate. Advances in oncology over the past several decades have dramatically improved the overall survival of patients with multiple cancers due to the implementation of new techniques in early diagnosis, therapeutic drugs, and personalized therapy. However, pancreatic cancers remain recalcitrant, with a 5-year relative survival rate of <9%. The lack of measures for early diagnosis, strong resistance to chemotherapy, ineffective adjuvant chemotherapy and the unavailability of molecularly targeted therapy are responsible for the high mortality rate of this notorious disease. Genetically, PDAC progresses as a complex result of the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressors. Although next-generation sequencing has identified numerous new genetic alterations, their clinical implications remain unknown. Classically, oncogenic mutations in genes such as KRAS and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors, such as TP53, CDNK2A, DPC4/SMAD4, and BRCA2, are frequently observed in PDAC. Currently, research on these key driver genes is still the main focus. Therefore, studies assessing the functions of these genes and their potential clinical implications are of paramount importance. In this review, we summarize the biological function of key driver genes and pharmaceutical targets in PDAC. In addition, we conclude the results of molecularly targeted therapies in clinical trials and discuss how to utilize these genetic alterations in further clinical practice.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with a minimal difference between its incidence rate and mortality rate. Advances in oncology over the past several decades have dramatically improved the overall survival of patients with multiple cancers due to the implementation of new techniques in early diagnosis, therapeutic drugs, and personalized therapy. However, pancreatic cancers remain recalcitrant, with a 5-year relative survival rate of <9%. The lack of measures for early diagnosis, strong resistance to chemotherapy, ineffective adjuvant chemotherapy and the unavailability of molecularly targeted therapy are responsible for the high mortality rate of this notorious disease. Genetically, PDAC progresses as a complex result of the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressors. Although next-generation sequencing has identified numerous new genetic alterations, their clinical implications remain unknown. Classically, oncogenic mutations in genes such as KRAS and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors, such as TP53 , CDNK2A , DPC4 / SMAD4, and BRCA2 , are frequently observed in PDAC. Currently, research on these key driver genes is still the main focus. Therefore, studies assessing the functions of these genes and their potential clinical implications are of paramount importance. In this review, we summarize the biological function of key driver genes and pharmaceutical targets in PDAC. In addition, we conclude the results of molecularly targeted therapies in clinical trials and discuss how to utilize these genetic alterations in further clinical practice.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with a minimal difference between its incidence rate and mortality rate. Advances in oncology over the past several decades have dramatically improved the overall survival of patients with multiple cancers due to the implementation of new techniques in early diagnosis, therapeutic drugs, and personalized therapy. However, pancreatic cancers remain recalcitrant, with a 5-year relative survival rate of <9%. The lack of measures for early diagnosis, strong resistance to chemotherapy, ineffective adjuvant chemotherapy and the unavailability of molecularly targeted therapy are responsible for the high mortality rate of this notorious disease. Genetically, PDAC progresses as a complex result of the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressors. Although next-generation sequencing has identified numerous new genetic alterations, their clinical implications remain unknown. Classically, oncogenic mutations in genes such as KRAS and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors, such as TP53, CDNK2A, DPC4/SMAD4, and BRCA2, are frequently observed in PDAC. Currently, research on these key driver genes is still the main focus. Therefore, studies assessing the functions of these genes and their potential clinical implications are of paramount importance. In this review, we summarize the biological function of key driver genes and pharmaceutical targets in PDAC. In addition, we conclude the results of molecularly targeted therapies in clinical trials and discuss how to utilize these genetic alterations in further clinical practice.Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with a minimal difference between its incidence rate and mortality rate. Advances in oncology over the past several decades have dramatically improved the overall survival of patients with multiple cancers due to the implementation of new techniques in early diagnosis, therapeutic drugs, and personalized therapy. However, pancreatic cancers remain recalcitrant, with a 5-year relative survival rate of <9%. The lack of measures for early diagnosis, strong resistance to chemotherapy, ineffective adjuvant chemotherapy and the unavailability of molecularly targeted therapy are responsible for the high mortality rate of this notorious disease. Genetically, PDAC progresses as a complex result of the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressors. Although next-generation sequencing has identified numerous new genetic alterations, their clinical implications remain unknown. Classically, oncogenic mutations in genes such as KRAS and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors, such as TP53, CDNK2A, DPC4/SMAD4, and BRCA2, are frequently observed in PDAC. Currently, research on these key driver genes is still the main focus. Therefore, studies assessing the functions of these genes and their potential clinical implications are of paramount importance. In this review, we summarize the biological function of key driver genes and pharmaceutical targets in PDAC. In addition, we conclude the results of molecularly targeted therapies in clinical trials and discuss how to utilize these genetic alterations in further clinical practice.
Author Zhuo, Qi-feng
Yu, Xian-jun
Qin, Yi
Ji, Shun-rong
Ye, Zeng
Hu, Hai-feng
Xu, Xiao-wu
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Hai-feng
  surname: Hu
  fullname: Hu, Hai-feng
  organization: Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Zeng
  surname: Ye
  fullname: Ye, Zeng
  organization: Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Yi
  surname: Qin
  fullname: Qin, Yi
  organization: Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Xiao-wu
  surname: Xu
  fullname: Xu, Xiao-wu
  organization: Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Xian-jun
  surname: Yu
  fullname: Yu, Xian-jun
  organization: Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Qi-feng
  surname: Zhuo
  fullname: Zhuo, Qi-feng
  email: zhuoqifeng@fudanpci.org
  organization: Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Shun-rong
  surname: Ji
  fullname: Ji, Shun-rong
  email: jishunrong@fudanpci.org
  organization: Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33574569$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 11
Keywords pancreatic cancer
SMAD4
KRAS
clinical implication
CDKN2A
TP53
Language English
License 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to CPS and SIMM.
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Snippet Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with a minimal difference between its incidence rate and mortality rate. Advances in...
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SubjectTerms Adenocarcinoma
Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
BRCA2 protein
Cancer
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal - genetics
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal - therapy
Chemotherapy
Clinical trials
Clinical Trials as Topic - methods
Diagnosis
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing - methods
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing - trends
Humans
Immunology
Internal Medicine
Medical Microbiology
Molecular Targeted Therapy - methods
Molecular Targeted Therapy - trends
Mortality
Mutation
Mutation - genetics
Next-generation sequencing
Oncogenes - genetics
p53 Protein
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic Neoplasms - genetics
Pancreatic Neoplasms - therapy
Pharmacology/Toxicology
Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - genetics
Review
Review Article
Smad4 protein
Smad4 Protein - genetics
Survival
Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 - genetics
Tumors
Vaccine
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Title Mutations in key driver genes of pancreatic cancer: molecularly targeted therapies and other clinical implications
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