Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential fac...
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| Published in | Viruses Vol. 13; no. 11; p. 2325 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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MDPI AG
21.11.2021
MDPI |
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| Abstract | Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone. |
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| AbstractList | Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone. Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone.Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone. |
| Author | Branco, Zoe L. Bell-Kareem, Antoinette R. Grant, Donald S. Fusco, Dahlene N. Smither, Allison R. Rowland, Megan M. Momoh, Mambu Schieffelin, John S. Goba, Augustine Gbakie, Michael Koval, Sophia A. Shaffer, Jeffrey G. Snarski, Patricia Kanneh, Lansana Elliott, Debra H. Chao, Karissa Boisen, Matthew L. Koval, Anatoliy P. Smira, Ashley A. Bush, Duane J. Sabeti, Pardis C. Lathigra, Raju Hoffmann, Andrew R. Sabino-Santos, Gilberto Phinney, Whitney N. Branco, Luis M. Drouin, Arnaud C. Borrega, Rodrigo Sandi, John Demby Robinson, James E. Bond, Nell G. Heinrich, Megan L. Harrell, Jaikin E. Melnik, Lilia I. Nelson, Diana K. S. Genemaras, Kaylynn J. Samuels, Robert J. Melton, Alexandra B. Garry, Robert F. Aimukanova, Irina Rouelle, Julie A. Andersen, Kristian G. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 13 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; johnatsandi@gmail.com (J.D.S.); augstgoba@yahoo.com (A.G.); robert.j.samuels@vanderbilt.edu (R.J.S.); Lansanakanneh@gmail.com (L.K.); gbakiemichael@gmail.com (M.G.) 16 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA 14 Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone 19 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 2 Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; dnelson@zalgenlabs.com (D.K.S.N.); dbush@zalgenlabs.com (D.J.B.); iaimukanova@zalgenlabs.com (I.A.); wphinney@zalgenlabs.com (W.N.P.) 12 Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone; mmomoh@tulane.edu 18 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA 7 Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; amelton@tulane.edu 6 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane Univer |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; nbond@tulane.edu (N.G.B.); ahoffman@tulane.edu (A.R.H.); asmither@tulane.edu (A.R.S.); abell13@tulane.edu (A.R.B.-K.); lmelnik@tulane.edu (L.I.M.); kgenemar@tulane.edu (K.J.G.); kchao1@tulane.edu (K.C.); jharrel3@tulane.edu (J.E.H.) – name: 4 Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA – name: 5 Heart and Vascular Institute, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; psnarski@tulane.edu – name: 10 Centre for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil – name: 9 Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; gsabino@tulane.edu – name: 22 Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA – name: 1 Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; rborrega@zalgenlabs.com (R.B.); akoval@zalgenlabs.com (A.P.K.); mheinrich@zalgenlabs.com (M.L.H.); mrowland@zalgenlabs.com (M.M.R.); rlathigra@zalgenlabs.com (R.L.); sophia.koval@gmail.com (S.A.K.); zbranco@zalgenlabs.com (Z.L.B.) – name: 15 Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; jshaffer@tulane.edu – name: 13 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; johnatsandi@gmail.com (J.D.S.); augstgoba@yahoo.com (A.G.); robert.j.samuels@vanderbilt.edu (R.J.S.); Lansanakanneh@gmail.com (L.K.); gbakiemichael@gmail.com (M.G.) – name: 21 Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA – name: 17 Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; pardis@broadinstitute.org – name: 8 Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; areyna@tulane.edu (A.A.S.); dholton@tulane.edu (D.H.E.); jrouelle@tulane.edu (J.A.R.); jschieff@tulane.edu (J.S.S.); jrobinso@tulane.edu (J.E.R.) – name: 16 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA – name: 24 Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA – name: 2 Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; dnelson@zalgenlabs.com (D.K.S.N.); dbush@zalgenlabs.com (D.J.B.); iaimukanova@zalgenlabs.com (I.A.); wphinney@zalgenlabs.com (W.N.P.) – name: 11 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; adrouin@tulane.edu (A.C.D.); dfusco@tulane.edu (D.N.F.) – name: 20 Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA – name: 7 Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; amelton@tulane.edu – name: 14 Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone – name: 12 Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone; mmomoh@tulane.edu – name: 18 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA – name: 19 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA – name: 6 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA – name: 23 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; kga1978@gmail.com |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2021 by the authors. 2021 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2021 by the authors. 2021 |
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| Keywords | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 sub-Saharan Africa pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses COVID-19 caseloads and deaths recombinant antigens Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus |
| Language | English |
| License | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 These authors equally contributed to this work. |
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| SubjectTerms | Age Distribution Alphacoronavirus - immunology Antibodies Antibodies, Neutralizing - blood Antibodies, Neutralizing - immunology Antibodies, Viral - blood Antibodies, Viral - immunology Antigens Antigens, Viral - immunology Betacoronavirus - immunology blood Blood & organ donations Blood Donors Coronaviridae Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins - immunology Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - immunology COVID-19 caseloads and deaths COVID-19 infection cross immunity Cross Protection Cross Reactions E coli Ebola virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays Epitopes Female Fever Humans Infections Infectious diseases Lassa fever Lassa virus fever Male Medical research Middle East respiratory syndrome Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - immunology pandemic Pandemics Phosphoproteins - immunology pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses Proteins Pseudovirus pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies recombinant antigens SARS-CoV-2 - immunology Serology Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Sierra Leone sub-Saharan Africa United States Viral Pseudotyping |
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| Title | Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans |
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