Traditional and molecular analyses for fecal indicator bacteria in non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters
The use of enterococci as the primary fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) for the determination of recreational water safety has been questioned, particularly in sub/tropical marine waters without known point sources of sewage. Alternative FIB (such as the Bacteroidales group) and alternative measurement...
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| Published in | Water research (Oxford) Vol. 44; no. 13; pp. 3763 - 3772 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Kidlington
Elsevier Ltd
01.07.2010
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The use of enterococci as the primary fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) for the determination of recreational water safety has been questioned, particularly in sub/tropical marine waters without known point sources of sewage. Alternative FIB (such as the Bacteroidales group) and alternative measurement methods (such as rapid molecular testing) have been proposed to supplement or replace current marine water quality testing methods which require culturing enterococci. Moreover, environmental parameters have also been proposed to supplement current monitoring programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health risks to humans from exposure to subtropical recreational marine waters with no known point source. The study reported symptoms between one set of human subjects randomly assigned to marine water exposure with intensive environmental monitoring compared with other subjects who did not have exposure. In addition, illness outcomes among the exposed bathers were compared to levels of traditional and alternative FIB (as measured by culture-based and molecular-based methods), and compared to easily measured environmental parameters. Results demonstrated an increase in self-reported gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin illnesses among bathers vs. non-bathers. Among the bathers, a dose–response relationship by logistic regression modeling was observed for skin illness, where illness was positively related to enterococci enumeration by membrane filtration (odds ratio = 1.46 [95% confidence interval = 0.97–2.21] per increasing log10 unit of enterococci exposure) and positively related to 24 h antecedent rain fall (1.04 [1.01–1.07] per increasing millimeters of rain). Acute febrile respiratory illness was inversely related to water temperature (0.74 [0.56–0.98] per increasing degree of water temperature). There were no significant dose–response relationships between report of human illness and any of the other FIB or environmental measures. Therefore, for non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters, this study suggests that humans may be at increased risk of reported illness, and that the currently recommended and investigational FIB may not track gastrointestinal illness under these conditions; the relationship between other human illness and environmental measures is less clear. |
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| AbstractList | The use of enterococci as the primary fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) for the determination of recreational water safety has been questioned, particularly in sub/tropical marine waters without known point sources of sewage. Alternative FIB (such as the Bacteroidales group) and alternative measurement methods (such as rapid molecular testing) have been proposed to supplement or replace current marine water quality testing methods which require culturing enterococci. Moreover, environmental parameters have also been proposed to supplement current monitoring programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health risks to humans from exposure to subtropical recreational marine waters with no known point source. The study reported symptoms between one set of human subjects randomly assigned to marine water exposure with intensive environmental monitoring compared with other subjects who did not have exposure. In addition, illness outcomes among the exposed bathers were compared to levels of traditional and alternative FIB (as measured by culture-based and molecular-based methods), and compared to easily measured environmental parameters. Results demonstrated an increase in self-reported gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin illnesses among bathers vs. non-bathers. Among the bathers, a dose-response relationship by logistic regression modeling was observed for skin illness, where illness was positively related to enterococci enumeration by membrane filtration (odds ratio = 1.46 [95% confidence interval = 0.97-2.21] per increasing log10 unit of enterococci exposure) and positively related to 24 h antecedent rain fall (1.04 [1.01-1.07] per increasing millimeters of rain). Acute febrile respiratory illness was inversely related to water temperature (0.74 [0.56-0.98] per increasing degree of water temperature). There were no significant dose-response relationships between report of human illness and any of the other FIB or environmental measures. Therefore, for non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters, this study suggests that humans may be at increased risk of reported illness, and that the currently recommended and investigational FIB may not track gastrointestinal illness under these conditions; the relationship between other human illness and environmental measures is less clear.The use of enterococci as the primary fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) for the determination of recreational water safety has been questioned, particularly in sub/tropical marine waters without known point sources of sewage. Alternative FIB (such as the Bacteroidales group) and alternative measurement methods (such as rapid molecular testing) have been proposed to supplement or replace current marine water quality testing methods which require culturing enterococci. Moreover, environmental parameters have also been proposed to supplement current monitoring programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health risks to humans from exposure to subtropical recreational marine waters with no known point source. The study reported symptoms between one set of human subjects randomly assigned to marine water exposure with intensive environmental monitoring compared with other subjects who did not have exposure. In addition, illness outcomes among the exposed bathers were compared to levels of traditional and alternative FIB (as measured by culture-based and molecular-based methods), and compared to easily measured environmental parameters. Results demonstrated an increase in self-reported gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin illnesses among bathers vs. non-bathers. Among the bathers, a dose-response relationship by logistic regression modeling was observed for skin illness, where illness was positively related to enterococci enumeration by membrane filtration (odds ratio = 1.46 [95% confidence interval = 0.97-2.21] per increasing log10 unit of enterococci exposure) and positively related to 24 h antecedent rain fall (1.04 [1.01-1.07] per increasing millimeters of rain). Acute febrile respiratory illness was inversely related to water temperature (0.74 [0.56-0.98] per increasing degree of water temperature). There were no significant dose-response relationships between report of human illness and any of the other FIB or environmental measures. Therefore, for non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters, this study suggests that humans may be at increased risk of reported illness, and that the currently recommended and investigational FIB may not track gastrointestinal illness under these conditions; the relationship between other human illness and environmental measures is less clear. The use of enterococci as the primary fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) for the determination of recreational water safety has been questioned, particularly in sub/tropical marine waters without known point sources of sewage. Alternative FIB (such as the Bacteroidales group) and alternative measurement methods (such as rapid molecular testing) have been proposed to supplement or replace current marine water quality testing methods which require culturing enterococci. Moreover, environmental parameters have also been proposed to supplement current monitoring programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health risks to humans from exposure to subtropical recreational marine waters with no known point source. The study reported symptoms between one set of human subjects randomly assigned to marine water exposure with intensive environmental monitoring compared with other subjects who did not have exposure. In addition, illness outcomes among the exposed bathers were compared to levels of traditional and alternative FIB (as measured by culture-based and molecular-based methods), and compared to easily measured environmental parameters. Results demonstrated an increase in self-reported gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin illnesses among bathers vs. non-bathers. Among the bathers, a dose-response relationship by logistic regression modeling was observed for skin illness, where illness was positively related to enterococci enumeration by membrane filtration (odds ratio = 1.46 [95% confidence interval = 0.97–2.21] per increasing log10 unit of enterococci exposure) and positively related to 24 h antecedent rain fall (1.04 [1.01-1.07] per increasing millimeters of rain). Acute febrile respiratory illness was inversely related to water temperature (0.74 [0.56-0.98] per increasing degree of water temperature). There were no significant dose-response relationships between report of human illness and any of the other FIB or environmental measures. Therefore, for non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters, this study suggests that humans may be at increased risk of reported illness, and that the currently recommended and investigational FIB may not track gastrointestinal illness under these conditions; the relationship between other human illness and environmental measures is less clear. The use of enterococci as the primary fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) for the determination of recreational water safety has been questioned, particularly in sub/tropical marine waters without known point sources of sewage. Alternative FIB (such as the Bacteroidales group) and alternative measurement methods (such as rapid molecular testing) have been proposed to supplement or replace current marine water quality testing methods which require culturing enterococci. Moreover, environmental parameters have also been proposed to supplement current monitoring programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health risks to humans from exposure to subtropical recreational marine waters with no known point source. The study reported symptoms between one set of human subjects randomly assigned to marine water exposure with intensive environmental monitoring compared with other subjects who did not have exposure. In addition, illness outcomes among the exposed bathers were compared to levels of traditional and alternative FIB (as measured by culture-based and molecular-based methods), and compared to easily measured environmental parameters. Results demonstrated an increase in self-reported gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin illnesses among bathers vs. non-bathers. Among the bathers, a dose-response relationship by logistic regression modeling was observed for skin illness, where illness was positively related to enterococci enumeration by membrane filtration (odds ratio =1.46 [95% confidence interval=0.97-2.21] per increasing log10 unit of enterococci exposure) and positively related to 24 hour antecedent rain fall (1.04 [1.01 – 1.07] per increasing millimeters of rain). Acute febrile respiratory illness was inversely related to water temperature (0.74 [0.56-0.98] per increasing degree of water temperature). There were no significant dose response relationships between report of human illness and any of the other FIB or environmental measures. Therefore, for non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters, this study suggests that humans may be at increased risk of reported illness, and that the currently recommended and investigational FIB may not track gastrointestinal illness under these conditions; the relationship between other human illness and environmental measures is less clear. The use of enterococci as the primary fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) for the determination of recreational water safety has been questioned, particularly in sub/tropical marine waters without known point sources of sewage. Alternative FIB (such as the Bacteroidales group) and alternative measurement methods (such as rapid molecular testing) have been proposed to supplement or replace current marine water quality testing methods which require culturing enterococci. Moreover, environmental parameters have also been proposed to supplement current monitoring programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health risks to humans from exposure to subtropical recreational marine waters with no known point source. The study reported symptoms between one set of human subjects randomly assigned to marine water exposure with intensive environmental monitoring compared with other subjects who did not have exposure. In addition, illness outcomes among the exposed bathers were compared to levels of traditional and alternative FIB (as measured by culture-based and molecular-based methods), and compared to easily measured environmental parameters. Results demonstrated an increase in self-reported gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin illnesses among bathers vs. non-bathers. Among the bathers, a dose–response relationship by logistic regression modeling was observed for skin illness, where illness was positively related to enterococci enumeration by membrane filtration (odds ratio = 1.46 [95% confidence interval = 0.97–2.21] per increasing log10 unit of enterococci exposure) and positively related to 24 h antecedent rain fall (1.04 [1.01–1.07] per increasing millimeters of rain). Acute febrile respiratory illness was inversely related to water temperature (0.74 [0.56–0.98] per increasing degree of water temperature). There were no significant dose–response relationships between report of human illness and any of the other FIB or environmental measures. Therefore, for non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters, this study suggests that humans may be at increased risk of reported illness, and that the currently recommended and investigational FIB may not track gastrointestinal illness under these conditions; the relationship between other human illness and environmental measures is less clear. |
| Author | Fleming, Lora E. Elmir, Samir M. He, Guoqing Ortega, Cristina Kish, Jonathan Plano, Lisa R.W. Sinigalliano, Christopher D. Abdelzaher, Amir M. Backer, Lorraine C. Solo-Gabriele, Helena M. Wanless, David Scott, Troy Hollenbeck, Julie Withum, Kelly Boiteau, Rene Shibata, Tomoyuki Fleisher, Jay M. Gidley, Maribeth L. Zhu, Xiaofang Bartkowiak, Jakub Wright, Mary E. |
| AuthorAffiliation | a NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL d Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL h Source Molecular Corporation, Miami, FL g Miami Dade County Public Health Department, Miami, FL e College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL b NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL c Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL f Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL i National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: d Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL – name: g Miami Dade County Public Health Department, Miami, FL – name: f Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL – name: b NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL – name: e College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL – name: h Source Molecular Corporation, Miami, FL – name: c Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL – name: i National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA – name: a NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Christopher D. surname: Sinigalliano fullname: Sinigalliano, Christopher D. email: christopher.sinigalliano@noaa.gov organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Jay M. surname: Fleisher fullname: Fleisher, Jay M. organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Maribeth L. surname: Gidley fullname: Gidley, Maribeth L. organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 United States – sequence: 4 givenname: Helena M. surname: Solo-Gabriele fullname: Solo-Gabriele, Helena M. organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 5 givenname: Tomoyuki surname: Shibata fullname: Shibata, Tomoyuki organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 United States – sequence: 6 givenname: Lisa R.W. surname: Plano fullname: Plano, Lisa R.W. organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 7 givenname: Samir M. surname: Elmir fullname: Elmir, Samir M. organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 8 givenname: David surname: Wanless fullname: Wanless, David organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 United States – sequence: 9 givenname: Jakub surname: Bartkowiak fullname: Bartkowiak, Jakub organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 United States – sequence: 10 givenname: Rene surname: Boiteau fullname: Boiteau, Rene organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 United States – sequence: 11 givenname: Kelly surname: Withum fullname: Withum, Kelly organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 12 givenname: Amir M. surname: Abdelzaher fullname: Abdelzaher, Amir M. organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 13 givenname: Guoqing surname: He fullname: He, Guoqing organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 14 givenname: Cristina surname: Ortega fullname: Ortega, Cristina organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 15 givenname: Xiaofang surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Xiaofang organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 16 givenname: Mary E. surname: Wright fullname: Wright, Mary E. organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 17 givenname: Jonathan surname: Kish fullname: Kish, Jonathan organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 18 givenname: Julie surname: Hollenbeck fullname: Hollenbeck, Julie organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 19 givenname: Troy surname: Scott fullname: Scott, Troy organization: Source Molecular Corporation, Miami, FL, United States – sequence: 20 givenname: Lorraine C. surname: Backer fullname: Backer, Lorraine C. organization: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States – sequence: 21 givenname: Lora E. surname: Fleming fullname: Fleming, Lora E. organization: NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States |
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| Copyright | 2010 2015 INIST-CNRS Published by Elsevier Ltd. |
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| DOI | 10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.026 |
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| Keywords | Bacteroidales Enterococci Skin illness Recreational water quality Membrane filtration plate counts Respiratory illness Indicator organisms Chromogenic substrate Gastrointestinal illness Quantitative PCR Tropical zone Modeling Waste water Membrane separation Rain Health and environment Bacteria Public health Seawater Point source Indicator Confidence interval Polymerase chain reaction Diffuse source Surveillance Environment impact Membrane filtration Water quality Health hazards Measurement method Bathing water |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Applied sciences Bacteria Bacteroidales Bathing Beaches Chromogenic substrate confidence interval dose response Enterococci Enterococcus Enterococcus - isolation & purification environmental monitoring Exact sciences and technology Feces Feces - microbiology filtration Gastrointestinal illness gastrointestinal system General purification processes Human human diseases Humans Illnesses Indicator organisms indicator species isolation & purification Logistic Models Marine Mathematical models Membrane filtration plate counts microbiology Multivariate Analysis Natural water pollution odds ratio Other industrial wastes. Sewage sludge pathology Point sources Pollution Quantitative PCR Rain Recreation Recreational water quality regression analysis Respiratory illness Respiratory Tract Diseases Respiratory Tract Diseases - microbiology Risk Seawater Seawater - microbiology Seawaters, estuaries sewage Skin Skin - microbiology Skin - pathology Skin illness Tropical Climate Wastes Wastewaters Water Microbiology water quality Water temperature Water treatment and pollution |
| Title | Traditional and molecular analyses for fecal indicator bacteria in non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters |
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