Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification

Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species, more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account for such diversity have been stymied by the lack of a fully resolved broad-scale phylogeny. Here, we provide such a phylogeny, based on 75 chlo...

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Published inProceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences Vol. 282; no. 1814; p. 20151553
Main Authors Givnish, Thomas J., Spalink, Daniel, Ames, Mercedes, Lyon, Stephanie P., Hunter, Steven J., Zuluaga, Alejandro, Iles, William J. D., Clements, Mark A., Arroyo, Mary T. K., Leebens-Mack, James, Endara, Lorena, Kriebel, Ricardo, Neubig, Kurt M., Whitten, W. Mark, Williams, Norris H., Cameron, Kenneth M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England The Royal Society 07.09.2015
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Abstract Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species, more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account for such diversity have been stymied by the lack of a fully resolved broad-scale phylogeny. Here, we provide such a phylogeny, based on 75 chloroplast genes for 39 species representing all orchid subfamilies and 16 of 17 tribes, time-calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. A supermatrix analysis places an additional 144 species based on three plastid genes. Orchids appear to have arisen roughly 112 million years ago (Mya); the subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae diverged from each other at the end of the Cretaceous; and the eight tribes and three previously unplaced subtribes of the upper epidendroids diverged rapidly from each other between 37.9 and 30.8 Mya. Orchids appear to have undergone one significant acceleration of net species diversification in the orchidoids, and two accelerations and one deceleration in the upper epidendroids. Consistent with theory, such accelerations were correlated with the evolution of pollinia, the epiphytic habit, CAM photosynthesis, tropical distribution (especially in extensive cordilleras), and pollination via Lepidoptera or euglossine bees. Deceit pollination appears to have elevated the number of orchid species by one-half but not via acceleration of the rate of net diversification. The highest rate of net species diversification within the orchids (0.382 sp sp−1 My−1) is 6.8 times that at the Asparagales crown.
AbstractList Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species, more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account for such diversity have been stymied by the lack of a fully resolved broad-scale phylogeny. Here, we provide such a phylogeny, based on 75 chloroplast genes for 39 species representing all orchid subfamilies and 16 of 17 tribes, time-calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. A supermatrix analysis places an additional 144 species based on three plastid genes. Orchids appear to have arisen roughly 112 million years ago (Mya); the subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae diverged from each other at the end of the Cretaceous; and the eight tribes and three previously unplaced subtribes of the upper epidendroids diverged rapidly from each other between 37.9 and 30.8 Mya. Orchids appear to have undergone one significant acceleration of net species diversification in the orchidoids, and two accelerations and one deceleration in the upper epidendroids. Consistent with theory, such accelerations were correlated with the evolution of pollinia, the epiphytic habit, CAM photosynthesis, tropical distribution (especially in extensive cordilleras), and pollination via Lepidoptera or euglossine bees. Deceit pollination appears to have elevated the number of orchid species by one-half but not via acceleration of the rate of net diversification. The highest rate of net species diversification within the orchids (0.382 sp sp −1 My −1 ) is 6.8 times that at the Asparagales crown.
Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species, more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account for such diversity have been stymied by the lack of a fully resolved broad-scale phylogeny. Here, we provide such a phylogeny, based on 75 chloroplast genes for 39 species representing all orchid subfamilies and 16 of 17 tribes, time-calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. A supermatrix analysis places an additional 144 species based on three plastid genes. Orchids appear to have arisen roughly 112 million years ago (Mya); the subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae diverged from each other at the end of the Cretaceous; and the eight tribes and three previously unplaced subtribes of the upper epidendroids diverged rapidly from each other between 37.9 and 30.8 Mya. Orchids appear to have undergone one significant acceleration of net species diversification in the orchidoids, and two accelerations and one deceleration in the upper epidendroids. Consistent with theory, such accelerations were correlated with the evolution of pollinia, the epiphytic habit, CAM photosynthesis, tropical distribution (especially in extensive cordilleras), and pollination via Lepidoptera or euglossine bees. Deceit pollination appears to have elevated the number of orchid species by one-half but not via acceleration of the rate of net diversification. The highest rate of net species diversification within the orchids (0.382 sp sp−1 My−1) is 6.8 times that at the Asparagales crown.
Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species, more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account for such diversity have been stymied by the lack of a fully resolved broad-scale phylogeny. Here, we provide such a phylogeny, based on 75 chloroplast genes for 39 species representing all orchid subfamilies and 16 of 17 tribes, time-calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. A supermatrix analysis places an additional 144 species based on three plastid genes. Orchids appear to have arisen roughly 112 million years ago (Mya); the subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae diverged from each other at the end of the Cretaceous; and the eight tribes and three previously unplaced subtribes of the upper epidendroids diverged rapidly from each other between 37.9 and 30.8 Mya. Orchids appear to have undergone one significant acceleration of net species diversification in the orchidoids, and two accelerations and one deceleration in the upper epidendroids. Consistent with theory, such accelerations were correlated with the evolution of pollinia, the epiphytic habit, CAM photosynthesis, tropical distribution (especially in extensive cordilleras), and pollination via Lepidoptera or euglossine bees. Deceit pollination appears to have elevated the number of orchid species by one-half but not via acceleration of the rate of net diversification. The highest rate of net species diversification within the orchids (0.382 sp sp-1 My-1) is 6.8 times that at the Asparagales crown.
Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species,more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account for such diversity have been stymied by the lack of a fully resolved broad-scale phylogeny. Here,we provide such a phylogeny, based on 75 chloroplast genes for 39 species representing all orchid subfamilies and 16 of 17 tribes, time-calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. Asupermatrix analysis places an additional 144 species based on three plastid genes. Orchids appear to have arisen roughly 112 million years ago (Mya); the subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae diverged from each other at the end of the Cretaceous; and the eight tribes and three previously unplaced subtribes of the upper epidendroids diverged rapidly from each other between 37.9 and 30.8 Mya. Orchids appear to have undergone one significant acceleration of net species diversification in the orchidoids, and two accelerations and one deceleration in the upper epidendroids. Consistent with theory, such accelerations were correlated with the evolution of pollinia, the epiphytic habit, CAM photosynthesis, tropical distribution (especially in extensive cordilleras),and pollination via Lepidoptera or euglossine bees. Deceit pollination appears to have elevated the number of orchid species by one-half but not via acceleration of the rate of net diversification. The highest rate of net species diversification within the orchids (0.382 sp sp(-1) My(-1)) is 6.8 times that at the Asparagales crown.
Author Whitten, W. Mark
Iles, William J. D.
Williams, Norris H.
Givnish, Thomas J.
Leebens-Mack, James
Kriebel, Ricardo
Neubig, Kurt M.
Arroyo, Mary T. K.
Endara, Lorena
Ames, Mercedes
Zuluaga, Alejandro
Hunter, Steven J.
Spalink, Daniel
Clements, Mark A.
Cameron, Kenneth M.
Lyon, Stephanie P.
AuthorAffiliation 4 Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
1 Department of Botany , University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706 , USA
6 Department of Biology , University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611 , USA
2 University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California—Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
3 Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 , Australia
7 Florida Museum of Natural History , University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611 , USA
8 Department of Biology , Southern Illinois University at Carbondale , Carbondale, IL 62901 , USA
5 Department of Plant Biology , University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602 , USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 8 Department of Biology , Southern Illinois University at Carbondale , Carbondale, IL 62901 , USA
– name: 4 Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
– name: 7 Florida Museum of Natural History , University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611 , USA
– name: 3 Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 , Australia
– name: 2 University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California—Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
– name: 5 Department of Plant Biology , University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602 , USA
– name: 1 Department of Botany , University of Wisconsin—Madison , Madison, WI 53706 , USA
– name: 6 Department of Biology , University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611 , USA
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  givenname: Kurt M.
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26311671$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species, more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account...
Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species,more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account for...
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SubjectTerms Andes
Animals
Bamm
Bees
Biological Evolution
Bisse
Chloroplasts - genetics
Deception
Genome, Plant
Lepidoptera
New Guinea Highlands
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae - classification
Orchidaceae - genetics
Photosynthesis
Phylogeny
Pleurothallidinae
Pollination - genetics
Speciation
Time Factors
Title Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification
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Volume 282
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