Proline betaine and its biotransformation products in fasting urine samples are potential biomarkers of habitual citrus fruit consumption - Lloyd, Amanda J.; Beckmann, Manfred; Favé, Gaëlle; Mathers, John C.; Draper, John (British journal of nutrition, 2011)
Keywords: acute exposure; analogs & derivatives; betaine; Biological and medical sciences; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - metabolism; Biotransformation; Citrus; Citrus - metabolism; Citrus fruits; Diet; dietary exposure; Disaccharides; Disaccharides - pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Exposure; fasting; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Flavanones; Flavanones - pharmacology; fruit consumption; Fruits; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; hesperidin; Hesperidin - pharmacology; Humans; Ionization; metabolism; Metabolites; Metabolomics; Metabolomics - methods; methods; Models, Chemical; Molecular Nutrition; Nutrition; orange juice; oranges; pharmacology; proline; Proline - analogs & derivatives; Proline - therapeutic use; screening; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization - methods; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared - methods; therapeutic use; Time Factors; Urinalysis; Urinalysis - methods; Urine; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; volunteers; Citrus fruits; Urine; Biomarkers; Metabolomics; Proline betaine; Dietary exposure; Fasting; Citrus fruit; Biological marker; Proline; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Betaine; Food intake; Biotransformation; Fast