Heat Transfer Fouling: 50 Years After the Kern and Seaton Model
Fouling of heat exchangers is a chronic problem in processing industries. In addition to the appropriate selection of operating conditions and exchanger geometry, there are numerous chemical and mechanical methods to mitigate fouling and to remove deposits from the heat transfer surfaces. However, a...
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Published in | Heat transfer engineering Vol. 32; no. 1; pp. 1 - 13 |
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Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Philadelphia, PA
Taylor & Francis Group
01.01.2011
Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Ltd |
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Abstract | Fouling of heat exchangers is a chronic problem in processing industries. In addition to the appropriate selection of operating conditions and exchanger geometry, there are numerous chemical and mechanical methods to mitigate fouling and to remove deposits from the heat transfer surfaces. However, all methods to reduce fouling require some understanding of the mechanisms of the deposition process and of the structure and adhesion of deposits on the heat transfer surfaces. Almost exactly 50 years ago, D. Q. Kern and his co-author, R. E. Seaton, published a paper attempting to describe the growth of fouling deposits in terms of an unsteady-state heat and mass balance for the heat transfer surface. More or less at the same time, the TEMA fouling resistances were published based on operational and anecdotal evidence of fouling for a range of heat exchanger applications. These two approaches have since formed the basis for most heat transfer fouling models and heat exchanger designs. Increased costs of energy, raw materials, and production downtime have contributed to the growing interest in heat transfer fouling. More recently, environmental legislation has put additional pressure on fouling-related CO
2
emissions and disposal of cleaning chemicals. Despite these efforts, fouling of heat exchangers is still far from been understood in its whole complexity. The present paper documents the 2009 D. Q. Kern Award Lecture in which some selected aspects of fouling research to date have been presented and areas have been identified where significant research and development activities are still required. |
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AbstractList | Fouling of heat exchangers is a chronic problem in processing industries. In addition to the appropriate selection of operating conditions and exchanger geometry, there are numerous chemical and mechanical methods to mitigate fouling and to remove deposits from the heat transfer surfaces. However, all methods to reduce fouling require some understanding of the mechanisms of the deposition process and of the structure and adhesion of deposits on the heat transfer surfaces. Almost exactly 50 years ago, D. Q. Kern and his co-author, R. E. Seaton, published a paper attempting to describe the growth of fouling deposits in terms of an unsteady-state heat and mass balance for the heat transfer surface. More or less at the same time, the TEMA fouling resistances were published based on operational and anecdotal evidence of fouling for a range of heat exchanger applications. These two approaches have since formed the basis for most heat transfer fouling models and heat exchanger designs. Increased costs of energy, raw materials, and production downtime have contributed to the growing interest in heat transfer fouling. More recently, environmental legislation has put additional pressure on fouling-related CO
2
emissions and disposal of cleaning chemicals. Despite these efforts, fouling of heat exchangers is still far from been understood in its whole complexity. The present paper documents the 2009 D. Q. Kern Award Lecture in which some selected aspects of fouling research to date have been presented and areas have been identified where significant research and development activities are still required. Fouling of heat exchangers is a chronic problem in processing industries. In addition to the appropriate selection of operating conditions and exchanger geometry, there are numerous chemical and mechanical methods to mitigate fouling and to remove deposits from the heat transfer surfaces. However, all methods to reduce fouling require some understanding of the mechanisms of the deposition process and of the structure and adhesion of deposits on the heat transfer surfaces. Almost exactly 50 years ago, D. Q. Kern and his co-author, R. E. Seaton, published a paper attempting to describe the growth of fouling deposits in terms of an unsteady-state heat and mass balance for the heat transfer surface. More or less at the same time, the TEMA fouling resistances were published based on operational and anecdotal evidence of fouling for a range of heat exchanger applications. These two approaches have since formed the basis for most heat transfer fouling models and heat exchanger designs. Increased costs of energy, raw materials, and production downtime have contributed to the growing interest in heat transfer fouling. More recently, environmental legislation has put additional pressure on fouling-related CO2 emissions and disposal of cleaning chemicals. Despite these efforts, fouling of heat exchangers is still far from been understood in its whole complexity. The present paper documents the 2009 D. Q. Kern Award Lecture in which some selected aspects of fouling research to date have been presented and areas have been identified where significant research and development activities are still required. Fouling of heat exchangers is a chronic problem in processing industries. In addition to the appropriate selection of operating conditions and exchanger geometry, there are numerous chemical and mechanical methods to mitigate fouling and to remove deposits from the heat transfer surfaces. However, all methods to reduce fouling require some understanding of the mechanisms of the deposition process and of the structure and adhesion of deposits on the heat transfer surfaces. Almost exactly 50 years ago, D. Q. Kern and his co-author, R. E. Seaton, published a paper attempting to describe the growth of fouling deposits in terms of an unsteady-state heat and mass balance for the heat transfer surface. More or less at the same time, the TEMA fouling resistances were published based on operational and anecdotal evidence of fouling for a range of heat exchanger applications. These two approaches have since formed the basis for most heat transfer fouling models and heat exchanger designs. Increased costs of energy, raw materials, and production downtime have contributed to the growing interest in heat transfer fouling. More recently, environmental legislation has put additional pressure on fouling-related CO... emissions and disposal of cleaning chemicals. Despite these efforts, fouling of heat exchangers is still far from been understood in its whole complexity. The present paper documents the 2009 D. Q. Kern Award Lecture in which some selected aspects of fouling research to date have been presented and areas have been identified where significant research and development activities are still required. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.) |
Author | Müller-Steinhagen, Hans |
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References | CIT0030 Müller-Steinhagen H. (CIT0015) 2000 CIT0031 CIT0034 CIT0033 Klaren D. G. (CIT0016) 1983; 5 Duncan A (CIT0029) 1996 Müller-Steinhagen H. (CIT0032) 2005; 2 Zhao Q. (CIT0045) 2002 Hewitt G. (CIT0024) 2007 Puhakka E. (CIT0050) 2011 Somerscales E. (CIT0018) 1979 CIT0038 CIT0037 CIT0039 Chenoweth J. (CIT0005) 1988 Bremford D. (CIT0027) 1999; 52 Rizzo G (CIT0047) 2005; 2 CIT0042 CIT0044 Malayeri M. R. (CIT0036) 2003; 1 Hewitt G. (CIT0023) 2003 Müller-Steinhagen H. (CIT0001) 2010 CIT0002 CIT0046 Melo L. (CIT0019) 1987; 145 CIT0004 Sheikh A. K. (CIT0035) 1999 CIT0048 CIT0006 Taborek J. (CIT0009) 1972; 68 Bennett C. A. (CIT0025) 2005 Zettler H. U. (CIT0040) 2002 CIT0010 CIT0012 CIT0011 Müller-Steinhagen H. (CIT0020) 2002 Hewitt G. (CIT0022) 2000 Brahim F. (CIT0041) 2003; 1 CIT0014 CIT0013 Puhakka E. (CIT0049) 2007 CIT0021 Pritchard A. M. (CIT0003) 1987; 145 Kern D. Q. (CIT0007) 1959; 4 Müller-Steinhagen H. (CIT0008) 2000; 20 (CIT0017) 1979 Branch C. A. (CIT0026) 1995; 48 Van Oss C. J. (CIT0043) 1994 CIT0028 |
References_xml | – volume-title: International Conference on the Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment year: 1979 ident: CIT0018 contributor: fullname: Somerscales E. – ident: CIT0039 doi: 10.1080/01457630902972694 – volume: 20 year: 2000 ident: CIT0008 publication-title: Berichte zur Energie- und Verfahrenstechnik contributor: fullname: Müller-Steinhagen H. – ident: CIT0044 – volume: 52 start-page: 30 year: 1999 ident: CIT0027 publication-title: APPITA Journal contributor: fullname: Bremford D. – ident: CIT0031 – volume: 5 year: 1983 ident: CIT0016 publication-title: Fouling Prevention and Research Digest contributor: fullname: Klaren D. 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SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Carbon dioxide Deposition Devices using thermal energy Emissions Energy Energy. Thermal use of fuels Environmental legislation Exact sciences and technology Fouling Heat exchangers Heat exchangers (included heat transformers, condensers, cooling towers) Heat transfer Mathematical models Raw materials |
Title | Heat Transfer Fouling: 50 Years After the Kern and Seaton Model |
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