Designing a handwashing station for infrastructure-restricted communities in Bangladesh using the integrated behavioural model for water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (IBM-WASH)
Background In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations – a dedicated, convenient...
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| Published in | BMC public health Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 877 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
23.09.2013
BioMed Central Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1471-2458 1471-2458 |
| DOI | 10.1186/1471-2458-13-877 |
Cover
| Abstract | Background
In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations – a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing – are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour.
Methods
We conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs.
Results
Factors that influenced
selection
of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials.
Conclusions
A number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework. |
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| AbstractList | Background: In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations - a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing - are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour. Methods: We conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs. Results: Factors that influenced selection of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials. Conclusions: A number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework. In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations--a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing--are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour. We conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs. Factors that influenced selection of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials. A number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework. Background In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations - a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing - are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour. Methods We conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs. Results Factors that influenced selection of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials. Conclusions A number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework. Keywords: formative research, Qualitative methods, Trials of improved practices, Handwashing, Hygiene behaviour, Behaviour change, Behavioural model, Handwashing technology, Enabling technology, Handwashing station, Soapy water, Feasibility, Acceptability Doc number: 877 Abstract Background: In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations - a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing - are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour. Methods: We conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs. Results: Factors that influenced selection of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials. Conclusions: A number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework. Background In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations – a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing – are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour. Methods We conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs. Results Factors that influenced selection of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials. Conclusions A number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework. In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations - a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing - are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour. We conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs. Factors that influenced selection of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials. A number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework. In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations--a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing--are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour.BACKGROUNDIn Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations--a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing--are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour.We conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs.METHODSWe conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs.Factors that influenced selection of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials.RESULTSFactors that influenced selection of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials.A number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework.CONCLUSIONSA number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework. |
| ArticleNumber | 877 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Dutta, Notan Chandra Ram, Pavani K Winch, Peter J Afroz, Aasma Unicomb, Leanne Luby, Stephen P Leontsini, Elli Hulland, Kristyna RS Dreibelbis, Robert Nizame, Fosiul Alam |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, USA 2 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Research Group, Centre for Communicable Disease, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh 3 Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA 1 Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA – name: 4 Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, USA – name: 1 Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA – name: 2 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Research Group, Centre for Communicable Disease, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kristyna RS surname: Hulland fullname: Hulland, Kristyna RS organization: Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health – sequence: 2 givenname: Elli surname: Leontsini fullname: Leontsini, Elli organization: Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health – sequence: 3 givenname: Robert surname: Dreibelbis fullname: Dreibelbis, Robert email: rdreibel@jhsph.edu organization: Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health – sequence: 4 givenname: Leanne surname: Unicomb fullname: Unicomb, Leanne organization: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Research Group, Centre for Communicable Disease, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh – sequence: 5 givenname: Aasma surname: Afroz fullname: Afroz, Aasma organization: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Research Group, Centre for Communicable Disease, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh – sequence: 6 givenname: Notan Chandra surname: Dutta fullname: Dutta, Notan Chandra organization: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Research Group, Centre for Communicable Disease, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh – sequence: 7 givenname: Fosiul Alam surname: Nizame fullname: Nizame, Fosiul Alam organization: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Research Group, Centre for Communicable Disease, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh – sequence: 8 givenname: Stephen P surname: Luby fullname: Luby, Stephen P organization: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Research Group, Centre for Communicable Disease, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University – sequence: 9 givenname: Pavani K surname: Ram fullname: Ram, Pavani K organization: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo – sequence: 10 givenname: Peter J surname: Winch fullname: Winch, Peter J organization: Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24060247$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Hulland et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013 This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. COPYRIGHT 2013 BioMed Central Ltd. 2013 Hulland et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © 2013 Hulland et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013 Hulland et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Hulland et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013 This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. – notice: COPYRIGHT 2013 BioMed Central Ltd. – notice: 2013 Hulland et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. – notice: Copyright © 2013 Hulland et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013 Hulland et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. |
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| DOI | 10.1186/1471-2458-13-877 |
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| Keywords | Handwashing Qualitative methods Handwashing technology Handwashing station Hygiene behaviour Behavioural model Behaviour change Acceptability formative research Enabling technology Soapy water Feasibility Trials of improved practices |
| Language | English |
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| References | Devine (CR24) 2009 Curtis, Danquah, Aunger (CR4) 2009; 24 Schmidt, Aunger, Coombes, Maina, Matiko, Biran, Curtis (CR6) 2009; 14 Kanashiro, Fukumoto, Bentley, Jacoby, Verzosa, Brown (CR19) 1991; 23 Fisher (CR28) 2008; 161 Halder, Tronchet, Akhter, Bhuiya, Johnston, Luby (CR15) 2010; 10 Aunger, Schmidt, Ranpura, Coombes, Maina, Matiko, Curtis (CR8) 2010; 70 Dickin, Piwoz (CR18) 1997 CR17 Harvey, Winch, Leontsini, Torres Gayoso, L√ ≥ pez Romero, Gilman, Oberhelman (CR21) 2003; 86 Coombes, Devine (CR23) 2010 CR12 Curtis, Kanki, Mertens, Traoré, Diallo, Tall, Cousens (CR27) 1994; 41 Luby, Halder, Huda, Unicomb, Johnston (CR16) 2011; 8 Walker, Rudan, Liu, Nair, Theodoratou, Bhutta, O'Brien, Campbell, Black (CR1) 2013; 381 Devine (CR14) 2010 Figueroa, Kincaid (CR29) 2010 Scott, Lawson, Curtis (CR10) 2007; 22 Devine (CR13) 2010; 29 Cairncross, Hunt, Boisson, Bostoen, Curtis, Fung, Schmidt (CR2) 2010; 39 Biran, Tabyshalieva, Salmorbekova (CR5) 2005; 20 Gilman, Ventura, Campos, Spira, Diaz (CR26) 1995; 83 Harvey, Olórtegui, Leontsini, Asayag, Scott, Winch (CR20) 2013; 88 Mosler (CR25) 2012; 22 Luby, Halder, Tronchet, Akhter, Bhuiya, Johnston (CR11) 2009; 81 Waterkeyn, Cairncross (CR7) 2005; 61 Aiello, Perez, Larson (CR3) 2008; 98 Verplanken, Wood (CR22) 2006; 25 Scott, Curtis, Rabie, Garbrah-Aidoo (CR9) 2007; 22 SA Harvey (5896_CR20) 2013; 88 AECRM Aiello (5896_CR3) 2008; 98 5896_CR17 J Waterkeyn (5896_CR7) 2005; 61 WP Schmidt (5896_CR6) 2009; 14 B Verplanken (5896_CR22) 2006; 25 J Devine (5896_CR24) 2009 J Fisher (5896_CR28) 2008; 161 SP Luby (5896_CR16) 2011; 8 A Biran (5896_CR5) 2005; 20 B Scott (5896_CR9) 2007; 22 J Devine (5896_CR14) 2010 J Devine (5896_CR13) 2010; 29 BE Scott (5896_CR10) 2007; 22 H-J Mosler (5896_CR25) 2012; 22 V Curtis (5896_CR27) 1994; 41 5896_CR12 Y Coombes (5896_CR23) 2010 KGM Dickin (5896_CR18) 1997 VA Curtis (5896_CR4) 2009; 24 AK Halder (5896_CR15) 2010; 10 HC Kanashiro (5896_CR19) 1991; 23 R Aunger (5896_CR8) 2010; 70 ME Figueroa (5896_CR29) 2010 RMGS Gilman (5896_CR26) 1995; 83 SA Harvey (5896_CR21) 2003; 86 CLF Walker (5896_CR1) 2013; 381 SP Luby (5896_CR11) 2009; 81 S Cairncross (5896_CR2) 2010; 39 24160869 - BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1015 23582727 - Lancet. 2013 Apr 20;381(9875):1405-16 19914758 - Soc Sci Med. 2010 Feb;70(3):383-91 20828412 - BMC Public Health. 2010;10:545 15965033 - Health Policy Plan. 2005 Jul;20(4):213-21 19286894 - Health Educ Res. 2009 Aug;24(4):655-73 17526639 - Health Policy Plan. 2007 Jul;22(4):225-33 22292899 - Int J Environ Health Res. 2012;22(5):431-49 7481932 - Soc Sci Med. 1995 Aug;41(3):383-93 18556606 - Am J Public Health. 2008 Aug;98(8):1372-81 21738452 - PLoS Med. 2011 Jun;8(6):e1001052 23530074 - Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Jun;88(6):1109-15 12711102 - Acta Trop. 2003 Apr;86(1):41-54 15927329 - Soc Sci Med. 2005 Nov;61(9):1958-70 17500052 - Health Policy Plan. 2007 Jul;22(4):216-24 19793069 - Trop Med Int Health. 2009 Dec;14(12):1534-41 20348121 - Int J Epidemiol. 2010 Apr;39 Suppl 1:i193-205 8238677 - Am J Public Health. 1993 Nov;83(11):1554-8 19861626 - Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Nov;81(5):882-7 |
| References_xml | – volume: 22 start-page: 431 issue: 5 year: 2012 end-page: 449 ident: CR25 article-title: A systematic approach to behavior change interventions for the water and sanitation sector in developing countries: a conceptual model, a review, and a guideline publication-title: Int J Environ Health Res doi: 10.1080/09603123.2011.650156 – volume: 381 start-page: 1405 issue: 9875 year: 2013 end-page: 1416 ident: CR1 article-title: Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6 – ident: CR12 – volume: 88 start-page: 1109 issue: 6 year: 2013 end-page: 1115 ident: CR20 article-title: Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs): A Strategy for Making Long-Lasting Nets Last Longer? publication-title: Am J Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0641 – volume: 70 start-page: 383 issue: 3 year: 2010 end-page: 391 ident: CR8 article-title: Three kinds of psychological determinants for hand-washing behaviour in Kenya publication-title: Soc Sci Med doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.038 – year: 1997 ident: CR18 article-title: Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development publication-title: Designing by Dialogue. 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Center Publication HCI 2010-1: Health Communication Insights – volume: 86 start-page: 41 issue: 1 year: 2003 end-page: 54 ident: CR21 article-title: Domestic poultry-raising practices in a Peruvian shantytown: implications for control of Campylobacter jejuni-associated diarrhea publication-title: Acta Trop doi: 10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00006-8 – volume: 25 start-page: 90 issue: 1 year: 2006 end-page: 103 ident: CR22 article-title: Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits publication-title: J Public Policy Mark doi: 10.1509/jppm.25.1.90 – volume: 20 start-page: 213 issue: 4 year: 2005 end-page: 221 ident: CR5 article-title: Formative research for hygiene promotion in Kyrgyzstan publication-title: Health Policy Plan doi: 10.1093/heapol/czi024 – year: 2010 ident: CR14 article-title: Water and Santiation Program: Learning Note publication-title: Global Scaling Up Handwashing Project: Insights from Designing a Handwashing Station for Rural Vietnamese Households – volume: 39 start-page: i193 year: 2010 end-page: 1205 ident: CR2 article-title: Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea publication-title: Int J Epidemiol doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq035 – volume: 86 start-page: 41 issue: 1 year: 2003 ident: 5896_CR21 publication-title: Acta Trop doi: 10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00006-8 – ident: 5896_CR12 – volume: 41 start-page: 383 issue: 3 year: 1994 ident: 5896_CR27 publication-title: Soc Sci Med doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00341-P – volume: 39 start-page: i193 year: 2010 ident: 5896_CR2 publication-title: Int J Epidemiol doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq035 – volume: 10 start-page: 545 issue: Journal Article year: 2010 ident: 5896_CR15 publication-title: BMC Public Health doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-545 – volume: 22 start-page: 431 issue: 5 year: 2012 ident: 5896_CR25 publication-title: Int J Environ Health Res doi: 10.1080/09603123.2011.650156 – volume: 29 start-page: 304 issue: 4 year: 2010 ident: 5896_CR13 publication-title: Waterlines doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2010.033 – volume: 81 start-page: 882 issue: 5 year: 2009 ident: 5896_CR11 publication-title: Am J Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0031 – volume: 381 start-page: 1405 issue: 9875 year: 2013 ident: 5896_CR1 publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6 – volume: 83 start-page: 1554 issue: 11 year: 1995 ident: 5896_CR26 publication-title: Am J Public Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.83.11.1554 – volume-title: Designing by Dialogue. 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| Snippet | Background
In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the... In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of... Background In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the... Doc number: 877 Abstract Background: In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality.... Background: In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Analysis Bangladesh Behavior Biostatistics Computer industry Diarrhea - epidemiology Diarrhea - prevention & control Environmental Health Epidemiology Equipment Design Female Hand Disinfection Hand washing Health aspects Health Behavior Health care health promotion and society Health risks Households Humans Hygiene Infection control Infections Influence Infrastructure Intervention Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Methods Middle Aged Public Health Public Health - methods Qualitative research Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Research Article Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology Respiratory Tract Infections - prevention & control Sanitation Sanitation - instrumentation Soap Soaps Storage capacity Studies Surveys and Questionnaires Vaccine Water quality Water storage Water Supply |
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| Title | Designing a handwashing station for infrastructure-restricted communities in Bangladesh using the integrated behavioural model for water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (IBM-WASH) |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2458-13-877 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24060247 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1442835202 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1458531823 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1459153958 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3852554 |
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