Probable airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant
Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized, the condition of ventilation for its occurrence is still being debated. We analyzed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving three families in a restaurant in Guangzhou...
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| Published in | Building and environment Vol. 196; p. 107788 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Elsevier Ltd
01.06.2021
Elsevier BV |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0360-1323 1873-684X |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107788 |
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| Abstract | Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized, the condition of ventilation for its occurrence is still being debated. We analyzed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving three families in a restaurant in Guangzhou, China, assessed the possibility of airborne transmission, and characterized the associated environmental conditions. We collected epidemiological data, obtained a full video recording and seating records from the restaurant, and measured the dispersion of a warm tracer gas as a surrogate for exhaled droplets from the index case. Computer simulations were performed to simulate the spread of fine exhaled droplets. We compared the in-room location of subsequently infected cases and spread of the simulated virus-laden aerosol tracer. The ventilation rate was measured using the tracer gas concentration decay method. This outbreak involved ten infected persons in three families (A, B, C). All ten persons ate lunch at three neighboring tables at the same restaurant on January 24, 2020. None of the restaurant staff or the 68 patrons at the other 15 tables became infected. During this occasion, the measured ventilation rate was 0.9 L/s per person. No close contact or fomite contact was identified, aside from back-to-back sitting in some cases. Analysis of the airflow dynamics indicates that the infection distribution is consistent with a spread pattern representative of long-range transmission of exhaled virus-laden aerosols. Airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is possible in crowded space with a ventilation rate of 1 L/s per person.
[Display omitted]
•This outbreak involved ten infected persons in three families.•Full video recording at time of infection allows restoration of the scene.•Time-averaged ventilation rates were only 0.9 L/s per person in the restaurant.•Insufficient ventilation played a role in this outbreak of COVID-19. |
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| AbstractList | Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized, the condition of ventilation for its occurrence is still being debated. We analyzed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving three families in a restaurant in Guangzhou, China, assessed the possibility of airborne transmission, and characterized the associated environmental conditions. We collected epidemiological data, obtained a full video recording and seating records from the restaurant, and measured the dispersion of a warm tracer gas as a surrogate for exhaled droplets from the index case. Computer simulations were performed to simulate the spread of fine exhaled droplets. We compared the in-room location of subsequently infected cases and spread of the simulated virus-laden aerosol tracer. The ventilation rate was measured using the tracer gas concentration decay method. This outbreak involved ten infected persons in three families (A, B, C). All ten persons ate lunch at three neighboring tables at the same restaurant on January 24, 2020. None of the restaurant staff or the 68 patrons at the other 15 tables became infected. During this occasion, the measured ventilation rate was 0.9 L/s per person. No close contact or fomite contact was identified, aside from back-to-back sitting in some cases. Analysis of the airflow dynamics indicates that the infection distribution is consistent with a spread pattern representative of long-range transmission of exhaled virus-laden aerosols. Airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is possible in crowded space with a ventilation rate of 1 L/s per person.Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized, the condition of ventilation for its occurrence is still being debated. We analyzed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving three families in a restaurant in Guangzhou, China, assessed the possibility of airborne transmission, and characterized the associated environmental conditions. We collected epidemiological data, obtained a full video recording and seating records from the restaurant, and measured the dispersion of a warm tracer gas as a surrogate for exhaled droplets from the index case. Computer simulations were performed to simulate the spread of fine exhaled droplets. We compared the in-room location of subsequently infected cases and spread of the simulated virus-laden aerosol tracer. The ventilation rate was measured using the tracer gas concentration decay method. This outbreak involved ten infected persons in three families (A, B, C). All ten persons ate lunch at three neighboring tables at the same restaurant on January 24, 2020. None of the restaurant staff or the 68 patrons at the other 15 tables became infected. During this occasion, the measured ventilation rate was 0.9 L/s per person. No close contact or fomite contact was identified, aside from back-to-back sitting in some cases. Analysis of the airflow dynamics indicates that the infection distribution is consistent with a spread pattern representative of long-range transmission of exhaled virus-laden aerosols. Airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is possible in crowded space with a ventilation rate of 1 L/s per person. Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized, the condition of ventilation for its occurrence is still being debated. We analyzed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving three families in a restaurant in Guangzhou, China, assessed the possibility of airborne transmission, and characterized the associated environmental conditions. We collected epidemiological data, obtained a full video recording and seating records from the restaurant, and measured the dispersion of a warm tracer gas as a surrogate for exhaled droplets from the index case. Computer simulations were performed to simulate the spread of fine exhaled droplets. We compared the in-room location of subsequently infected cases and spread of the simulated virus-laden aerosol tracer. The ventilation rate was measured using the tracer gas concentration decay method. This outbreak involved ten infected persons in three families (A, B, C). All ten persons ate lunch at three neighboring tables at the same restaurant on January 24, 2020. None of the restaurant staff or the 68 patrons at the other 15 tables became infected. During this occasion, the measured ventilation rate was 0.9 L/s per person. No close contact or fomite contact was identified, aside from back-to-back sitting in some cases. Analysis of the airflow dynamics indicates that the infection distribution is consistent with a spread pattern representative of long-range transmission of exhaled virus-laden aerosols. Airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is possible in crowded space with a ventilation rate of 1 L/s per person. [Display omitted] •This outbreak involved ten infected persons in three families.•Full video recording at time of infection allows restoration of the scene.•Time-averaged ventilation rates were only 0.9 L/s per person in the restaurant.•Insufficient ventilation played a role in this outbreak of COVID-19. Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized, the condition of ventilation for its occurrence is still being debated. We analyzed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving three families in a restaurant in Guangzhou, China, assessed the possibility of airborne transmission, and characterized the associated environmental conditions. We collected epidemiological data, obtained a full video recording and seating records from the restaurant, and measured the dispersion of a warm tracer gas as a surrogate for exhaled droplets from the index case. Computer simulations were performed to simulate the spread of fine exhaled droplets. We compared the in-room location of subsequently infected cases and spread of the simulated virus-laden aerosol tracer. The ventilation rate was measured using the tracer gas concentration decay method. This outbreak involved ten infected persons in three families (A, B, C). All ten persons ate lunch at three neighboring tables at the same restaurant on January 24, 2020. None of the restaurant staff or the 68 patrons at the other 15 tables became infected. During this occasion, the measured ventilation rate was 0.9 L/s per person. No close contact or fomite contact was identified, aside from back-to-back sitting in some cases. Analysis of the airflow dynamics indicates that the infection distribution is consistent with a spread pattern representative of long-range transmission of exhaled virus-laden aerosols. Airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is possible in crowded space with a ventilation rate of 1 L/s per person. Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized, the condition of ventilation for its occurrence is still being debated. We analyzed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving three families in a restaurant in Guangzhou, China, assessed the possibility of airborne transmission, and characterized the associated environmental conditions. We collected epidemiological data, obtained a full video recording and seating records from the restaurant, and measured the dispersion of a warm tracer gas as a surrogate for exhaled droplets from the index case. Computer simulations were performed to simulate the spread of fine exhaled droplets. We compared the in-room location of subsequently infected cases and spread of the simulated virus-laden aerosol tracer. The ventilation rate was measured using the tracer gas concentration decay method. This outbreak involved ten infected persons in three families (A, B, C). All ten persons ate lunch at three neighboring tables at the same restaurant on January 24, 2020. None of the restaurant staff or the 68 patrons at the other 15 tables became infected. During this occasion, the measured ventilation rate was 0.9 L/s per person. No close contact or fomite contact was identified, aside from back-to-back sitting in some cases. Analysis of the airflow dynamics indicates that the infection distribution is consistent with a spread pattern representative of long-range transmission of exhaled virus-laden aerosols. Airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is possible in crowded space with a ventilation rate of 1 L/s per person. Image 1 Although airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized, the condition of ventilation for its occurrence is still being debated. We analyzed a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak involving three families in a restaurant in Guangzhou, China, assessed the possibility of airborne transmission, and characterized the associated environmental conditions. We collected epidemiological data, obtained a full video recording and seating records from the restaurant, and measured the dispersion of a warm tracer gas as a surrogate for exhaled droplets from the index case. Computer simulations were performed to simulate the spread of fine exhaled droplets. We compared the in-room location of subsequently infected cases and spread of the simulated virus-laden aerosol tracer. The ventilation rate was measured using the tracer gas concentration decay method. This outbreak involved ten infected persons in three families (A, B, C). All ten persons ate lunch at three neighboring tables at the same restaurant on January 24, 2020. None of the restaurant staff or the 68 patrons at the other 15 tables became infected. During this occasion, the measured ventilation rate was 0.9 L/s per person. No close contact or fomite contact was identified, aside from back-to-back sitting in some cases. Analysis of the airflow dynamics indicates that the infection distribution is consistent with a spread pattern representative of long-range transmission of exhaled virus-laden aerosols. Airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is possible in crowded space with a ventilation rate of 1 L/s per person. |
| ArticleNumber | 107788 |
| Author | Xiao, Shenglan Li, Yuguo Liu, Li Wei, Jianjian Kang, Min Hang, Jian Liang, Peng Li, Jiansen Cowling, Benjamin J. Qian, Hua Ling, Hong Chen, Xuguang Cheng, Pan Wang, Shengqi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yuguo orcidid: 0000-0002-2281-4529 surname: Li fullname: Li, Yuguo email: liyg@hku.hk organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Hua orcidid: 0000-0002-7237-7806 surname: Qian fullname: Qian, Hua organization: School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Jian surname: Hang fullname: Hang, Jian organization: School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Xuguang surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Xuguang organization: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Pan orcidid: 0000-0002-2392-0366 surname: Cheng fullname: Cheng, Pan organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Hong orcidid: 0000-0001-6231-2470 surname: Ling fullname: Ling, Hong organization: School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University and Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China – sequence: 7 givenname: Shengqi surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Shengqi organization: School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China – sequence: 8 givenname: Peng surname: Liang fullname: Liang, Peng organization: Guangdong Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan, China – sequence: 9 givenname: Jiansen surname: Li fullname: Li, Jiansen organization: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China – sequence: 10 givenname: Shenglan surname: Xiao fullname: Xiao, Shenglan organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China – sequence: 11 givenname: Jianjian surname: Wei fullname: Wei, Jianjian organization: Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics and Key Laboratory of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China – sequence: 12 givenname: Li orcidid: 0000-0001-8512-8676 surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Li organization: School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China – sequence: 13 givenname: Benjamin J. surname: Cowling fullname: Cowling, Benjamin J. organization: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China – sequence: 14 givenname: Min surname: Kang fullname: Kang, Min email: kangmin@cdcp.org.cn organization: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33746341$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | Aerosol transmission Aerosols Air flow Airborne transmission Building ventilation Coronaviruses COVID-19 Disease transmission Droplets Environmental conditions Epidemiology Mathematical models Mechanical ventilation Outbreaks Restaurants SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Simulation Tracer gas Ventilation Viral diseases Viruses |
| Title | Probable airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant |
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