Trends in seizures of powders and pills containing illicit fentanyl in the United States, 2018 through 2021
Prevalence of fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription pills has been increasing in the US, possibly placing a wider population at risk for unintentional exposure. We aimed to determine whether there have been shifts in the number of fentanyl seizures and in the form of fentanyl seized in the US. We...
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| Published in | Drug and alcohol dependence Vol. 234; p. 109398 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Ireland
Elsevier B.V
01.05.2022
Elsevier Science Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Prevalence of fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription pills has been increasing in the US, possibly placing a wider population at risk for unintentional exposure. We aimed to determine whether there have been shifts in the number of fentanyl seizures and in the form of fentanyl seized in the US.
We examined quarterly national seizure data from High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas to determine the number of drug seizures in the US containing fentanyl from January 2018 through December 2021. Generalized additive models were used to estimate trends in the number and weight of pill and powder seizures containing fentanyl.
There was an increase both in the number of fentanyl-containing powder seizures (from 424 in 2018 Quarter 1 [Q1] to 1539 in 2021 Quarter 4 [Q4], β = 0.94, p < 0.001) and in the number of pill seizures (from 68 to 635, β = 0.96, p < 0.01). The proportion of pills to total seizures more than doubled from 13.8% in 2018 Q1 to 29.2% in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.92, p < 0.001). Weight of powder fentanyl seizures increased from 298.2 kg in 2018 Q1 to 2416.0 kg in 2021 Q4 (β = 1.12, p = 0.01); the number of pills seized increased from 42,202 in 2018 Q1 to 2,089,186 in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.90, p < 0.001).
Seizures of drugs containing fentanyl have been increasing in the US. Given that over a quarter of fentanyl seizures are now in pill form, people who obtain counterfeit pills such as those disguised as oxycodone or alprazolam are at risk for unintentional exposure to fentanyl.
•We examined trends in fentanyl seizures in the US from 2018 through 2021.•The number of seizures of pills and powders containing fentanyl increased.•The volume and number of fentanyl-containing pills also increased.•The percentage of seizures in pill form increased from 13.8% in 2018 to 29.2% in 2021.•Fentanyl in pill form is increasingly prevalent and unintentional exposure is of concern. |
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| AbstractList | Prevalence of fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription pills has been increasing in the US, possibly placing a wider population at risk for unintentional exposure. We aimed to determine whether there have been shifts in the number of fentanyl seizures and in the form of fentanyl seized in the US.
We examined quarterly national seizure data from High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas to determine the number of drug seizures in the US containing fentanyl from January 2018 through December 2021. Generalized additive models were used to estimate trends in the number and weight of pill and powder seizures containing fentanyl.
There was an increase both in the number of fentanyl-containing powder seizures (from 424 in 2018 Quarter 1 [Q1] to 1539 in 2021 Quarter 4 [Q4], β = 0.94, p < 0.001) and in the number of pill seizures (from 68 to 635, β = 0.96, p < 0.01). The proportion of pills to total seizures more than doubled from 13.8% in 2018 Q1 to 29.2% in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.92, p < 0.001). Weight of powder fentanyl seizures increased from 298.2 kg in 2018 Q1 to 2416.0 kg in 2021 Q4 (β = 1.12, p = 0.01); the number of pills seized increased from 42,202 in 2018 Q1 to 2,089,186 in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.90, p < 0.001).
Seizures of drugs containing fentanyl have been increasing in the US. Given that over a quarter of fentanyl seizures are now in pill form, people who obtain counterfeit pills such as those disguised as oxycodone or alprazolam are at risk for unintentional exposure to fentanyl.
•We examined trends in fentanyl seizures in the US from 2018 through 2021.•The number of seizures of pills and powders containing fentanyl increased.•The volume and number of fentanyl-containing pills also increased.•The percentage of seizures in pill form increased from 13.8% in 2018 to 29.2% in 2021.•Fentanyl in pill form is increasingly prevalent and unintentional exposure is of concern. Prevalence of fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription pills has been increasing in the US, possibly placing a wider population at risk for unintentional exposure. We aimed to determine whether there have been shifts in the number of fentanyl seizures and in the form of fentanyl seized in the US.BACKGROUNDPrevalence of fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription pills has been increasing in the US, possibly placing a wider population at risk for unintentional exposure. We aimed to determine whether there have been shifts in the number of fentanyl seizures and in the form of fentanyl seized in the US.We examined quarterly national seizure data from High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas to determine the number of drug seizures in the US containing fentanyl from January 2018 through December 2021. Generalized additive models were used to estimate trends in the number and weight of pill and powder seizures containing fentanyl.METHODSWe examined quarterly national seizure data from High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas to determine the number of drug seizures in the US containing fentanyl from January 2018 through December 2021. Generalized additive models were used to estimate trends in the number and weight of pill and powder seizures containing fentanyl.There was an increase both in the number of fentanyl-containing powder seizures (from 424 in 2018 Quarter 1 [Q1] to 1539 in 2021 Quarter 4 [Q4], β = 0.94, p < 0.001) and in the number of pill seizures (from 68 to 635, β = 0.96, p < 0.01). The proportion of pills to total seizures more than doubled from 13.8% in 2018 Q1 to 29.2% in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.92, p < 0.001). Weight of powder fentanyl seizures increased from 298.2 kg in 2018 Q1 to 2416.0 kg in 2021 Q4 (β = 1.12, p = 0.01); the number of pills seized increased from 42,202 in 2018 Q1 to 2,089,186 in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.90, p < 0.001).RESULTSThere was an increase both in the number of fentanyl-containing powder seizures (from 424 in 2018 Quarter 1 [Q1] to 1539 in 2021 Quarter 4 [Q4], β = 0.94, p < 0.001) and in the number of pill seizures (from 68 to 635, β = 0.96, p < 0.01). The proportion of pills to total seizures more than doubled from 13.8% in 2018 Q1 to 29.2% in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.92, p < 0.001). Weight of powder fentanyl seizures increased from 298.2 kg in 2018 Q1 to 2416.0 kg in 2021 Q4 (β = 1.12, p = 0.01); the number of pills seized increased from 42,202 in 2018 Q1 to 2,089,186 in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.90, p < 0.001).Seizures of drugs containing fentanyl have been increasing in the US. Given that over a quarter of fentanyl seizures are now in pill form, people who obtain counterfeit pills such as those disguised as oxycodone or alprazolam are at risk for unintentional exposure to fentanyl.CONCLUSIONSSeizures of drugs containing fentanyl have been increasing in the US. Given that over a quarter of fentanyl seizures are now in pill form, people who obtain counterfeit pills such as those disguised as oxycodone or alprazolam are at risk for unintentional exposure to fentanyl. Prevalence of fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription pills has been increasing in the US, possibly placing a wider population at risk for unintentional exposure. We aimed to determine whether there have been shifts in the number of fentanyl seizures and in the form of fentanyl seized in the US. We examined quarterly national seizure data from High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas to determine the number of drug seizures in the US containing fentanyl from January 2018 through December 2021. Generalized additive models were used to estimate trends in the number and weight of pill and powder seizures containing fentanyl. There was an increase both in the number of fentanyl-containing powder seizures (from 424 in 2018 Quarter 1 [Q1] to 1539 in 2021 Quarter 4 [Q4], β = 0.94, p < 0.001) and in the number of pill seizures (from 68 to 635, β = 0.96, p < 0.01). The proportion of pills to total seizures more than doubled from 13.8% in 2018 Q1 to 29.2% in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.92, p < 0.001). Weight of powder fentanyl seizures increased from 298.2 kg in 2018 Q1 to 2416.0 kg in 2021 Q4 (β = 1.12, p = 0.01); the number of pills seized increased from 42,202 in 2018 Q1 to 2,089,186 in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.90, p < 0.001). Seizures of drugs containing fentanyl have been increasing in the US. Given that over a quarter of fentanyl seizures are now in pill form, people who obtain counterfeit pills such as those disguised as oxycodone or alprazolam are at risk for unintentional exposure to fentanyl. Background: Prevalence of fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription pills has been increasing in the US, possibly placing a wider population at risk for unintentional exposure. We aimed to determine whether there have been shifts in the number of fentanyl seizures and in the form of fentanyl seized in the US. Methods: We examined quarterly national seizure data from High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas to determine the number of drug seizures in the US containing fentanyl from January 2018 through December 2021. Generalized additive models were used to estimate trends in the number and weight of pill and powder seizures containing fentanyl. Results: There was an increase both in the number of fentanyl-containing powder seizures (from 424 in 2018 Quarter 1 [Q1] to 1539 in 2021 Quarter 4 [Q4], β = 0.94, p < 0.001) and in the number of pill seizures (from 68 to 635, β = 0.96, p < 0.01). The proportion of pills to total seizures more than doubled from 13.8% in 2018 Q1 to 29.2% in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.92, p < 0.001). Weight of powder fentanyl seizures increased from 298.2 kg in 2018 Q1 to 2416.0 kg in 2021 Q4 (β = 1.12, p = 0.01); the number of pills seized increased from 42,202 in 2018 Q1 to 2,089,186 in 2021 Q4 (β = 0.90, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Seizures of drugs containing fentanyl have been increasing in the US. Given that over a quarter of fentanyl seizures are now in pill form, people who obtain counterfeit pills such as those disguised as oxycodone or alprazolam are at risk for unintentional exposure to fentanyl. |
| ArticleNumber | 109398 |
| Author | Palamar, Joseph J. Rutherford, Caroline Ciccarone, Daniel Cottler, Linda B. Keyes, Katherine M. Carr, Thomas H. |
| AuthorAffiliation | d College of Public Affairs, Center for Drug Policy and Prevention, University of Baltimore, United States f NDEWS, University of Florida, United States b University of California, San Francisco, Department of Family and Community Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA a New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, New York, NY, USA c Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA g University of Florida, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, United States e Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, Baltimore High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas Program, United States, Center for Drug Policy and Prevention, University of Baltimore, United States |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: f NDEWS, University of Florida, United States – name: d College of Public Affairs, Center for Drug Policy and Prevention, University of Baltimore, United States – name: e Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, Baltimore High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas Program, United States, Center for Drug Policy and Prevention, University of Baltimore, United States – name: c Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA – name: a New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, New York, NY, USA – name: b University of California, San Francisco, Department of Family and Community Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA – name: g University of Florida, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, United States |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Joseph J. surname: Palamar fullname: Palamar, Joseph J. email: joseph.palamar@nyulangone.org organization: New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, New York, NY, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Daniel surname: Ciccarone fullname: Ciccarone, Daniel organization: University of California, San Francisco, Department of Family and Community Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Caroline surname: Rutherford fullname: Rutherford, Caroline organization: Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Katherine M. surname: Keyes fullname: Keyes, Katherine M. organization: Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Thomas H. surname: Carr fullname: Carr, Thomas H. organization: College of Public Affairs, Center for Drug Policy and Prevention, University of Baltimore, United States – sequence: 6 givenname: Linda B. surname: Cottler fullname: Cottler, Linda B. organization: NDEWS, University of Florida, United States |
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| Snippet | Prevalence of fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription pills has been increasing in the US, possibly placing a wider population at risk for unintentional... Background: Prevalence of fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription pills has been increasing in the US, possibly placing a wider population at risk for... |
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| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 109398 |
| SubjectTerms | Alprazolam Analgesics, Opioid At risk populations Convulsions & seizures Counterfeit Counterfeit pills Counterfeiting Drug and Narcotic Control Drug Overdose Drug seizures Drug trafficking Fentanyl Humans Illicit Drugs - legislation & jurisprudence Oxycodone Powder Powders Seizures Trends United States Weight |
| Title | Trends in seizures of powders and pills containing illicit fentanyl in the United States, 2018 through 2021 |
| URI | https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S0376871622001351 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109398 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35370014 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2664894966 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2646942006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9027012 |
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