The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review
•We reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse.•Polysubstance use and psychiatric distress increase risk of misuse.•Benzodiazepines are commonly co-ingested with other substances.•Coping with negative affect and sleep are the most common motives for misuse.•Misuse is associated with p...
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| Published in | Drug and alcohol dependence Vol. 200; pp. 95 - 114 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Ireland
Elsevier B.V
01.07.2019
Elsevier Science Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | •We reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse.•Polysubstance use and psychiatric distress increase risk of misuse.•Benzodiazepines are commonly co-ingested with other substances.•Coping with negative affect and sleep are the most common motives for misuse.•Misuse is associated with poor outcomes, including morbidity and mortality.
Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this emergent problem. We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse to identify key findings, limitations, and future directions for research.
PubMed and PsychINFO databases were searched through February 2019 for peer-reviewed publications on benzodiazepine misuse (e.g., use without a prescription; at a higher frequency or dose than prescribed). Eligibility criteria included human studies that focused on the prevalence, trends, correlates, motives, patterns, sources, and consequences of benzodiazepine misuse.
The search identified 1970 publications, and 351 articles were eligible for data extraction and inclusion. In 2017, benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers were the third most commonly misused illicit or prescription drug in the U.S. (approximately 2.2% of the population). Worldwide rates of misuse appear to be similar to those reported in the U.S. Factors associated with misuse include other substance use, receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription, and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse encompasses heterogeneous presentations of motives, patterns, and sources. Moreover, misuse is associated with myriad poor outcomes, including mortality, HIV/HCV risk behaviors, poor self-reported quality of life, criminality, and continued substance use during treatment.
Benzodiazepine misuse is a worldwide public health concern that is associated with a number of concerning consequences. Findings from the present review have implications for identifying subgroups who could benefit from prevention and treatment efforts, critical points for intervention, and treatment targets. |
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| AbstractList | Background: Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this emergent problem. We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse to identify key findings, limitations, and future directions for research. Methods: PubMed and PsychINFO databases were searched through February 2019 for peer-reviewed publications on benzodiazepine misuse (e.g., use without a prescription; at a higher frequency or dose than prescribed). Eligibility criteria included human studies that focused on the prevalence, trends, correlates, motives, patterns, sources, and consequences of benzodiazepine misuse. Results: The search identified 1970 publications, and 351 articles were eligible for data extraction and inclusion. In 2017, benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers were the third most commonly misused illicit or prescription drug in the U.S. (approximately 2.2% of the population). Worldwide rates of misuse appear to be similar to those reported in the U.S. Factors associated with misuse include other substance use, receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription, and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse encompasses heterogeneous presentations of motives, patterns, and sources. Moreover, misuse is associated with myriad poor outcomes, including mortality, HIV/HCV risk behaviors, poor self-reported quality of life, criminality, and continued substance use during treatment. Conclusions: Benzodiazepine misuse is a worldwide public health concern that is associated with a number of concerning consequences. Findings from the present review have implications for identifying subgroups who could benefit from prevention and treatment efforts, critical points for intervention, and treatment targets. Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this emergent problem. We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse to identify key findings, limitations, and future directions for research.BACKGROUNDBenzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this emergent problem. We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse to identify key findings, limitations, and future directions for research.PubMed and PsychINFO databases were searched through February 2019 for peer-reviewed publications on benzodiazepine misuse (e.g., use without a prescription; at a higher frequency or dose than prescribed). Eligibility criteria included human studies that focused on the prevalence, trends, correlates, motives, patterns, sources, and consequences of benzodiazepine misuse.METHODSPubMed and PsychINFO databases were searched through February 2019 for peer-reviewed publications on benzodiazepine misuse (e.g., use without a prescription; at a higher frequency or dose than prescribed). Eligibility criteria included human studies that focused on the prevalence, trends, correlates, motives, patterns, sources, and consequences of benzodiazepine misuse.The search identified 1970 publications, and 351 articles were eligible for data extraction and inclusion. In 2017, benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers were the third most commonly misused illicit or prescription drug in the U.S. (approximately 2.2% of the population). Worldwide rates of misuse appear to be similar to those reported in the U.S. Factors associated with misuse include other substance use, receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription, and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse encompasses heterogeneous presentations of motives, patterns, and sources. Moreover, misuse is associated with myriad poor outcomes, including mortality, HIV/HCV risk behaviors, poor self-reported quality of life, criminality, and continued substance use during treatment.RESULTSThe search identified 1970 publications, and 351 articles were eligible for data extraction and inclusion. In 2017, benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers were the third most commonly misused illicit or prescription drug in the U.S. (approximately 2.2% of the population). Worldwide rates of misuse appear to be similar to those reported in the U.S. Factors associated with misuse include other substance use, receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription, and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse encompasses heterogeneous presentations of motives, patterns, and sources. Moreover, misuse is associated with myriad poor outcomes, including mortality, HIV/HCV risk behaviors, poor self-reported quality of life, criminality, and continued substance use during treatment.Benzodiazepine misuse is a worldwide public health concern that is associated with a number of concerning consequences. Findings from the present review have implications for identifying subgroups who could benefit from prevention and treatment efforts, critical points for intervention, and treatment targets.CONCLUSIONSBenzodiazepine misuse is a worldwide public health concern that is associated with a number of concerning consequences. Findings from the present review have implications for identifying subgroups who could benefit from prevention and treatment efforts, critical points for intervention, and treatment targets. Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this emergent problem. We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse to identify key findings, limitations, and future directions for research. PubMed and PsychINFO databases were searched through February 2019 for peer-reviewed publications on benzodiazepine misuse (e.g., use without a prescription; at a higher frequency or dose than prescribed). Eligibility criteria included human studies that focused on the prevalence, trends, correlates, motives, patterns, sources, and consequences of benzodiazepine misuse. The search identified 1970 publications, and 351 articles were eligible for data extraction and inclusion. In 2017, benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers were the third most commonly misused illicit or prescription drug in the U.S. (approximately 2.2% of the population). Worldwide rates of misuse appear to be similar to those reported in the U.S. Factors associated with misuse include other substance use, receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription, and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse encompasses heterogeneous presentations of motives, patterns, and sources. Moreover, misuse is associated with myriad poor outcomes, including mortality, HIV/HCV risk behaviors, poor self-reported quality of life, criminality, and continued substance use during treatment. Benzodiazepine misuse is a worldwide public health concern that is associated with a number of concerning consequences. Findings from the present review have implications for identifying subgroups who could benefit from prevention and treatment efforts, critical points for intervention, and treatment targets. •We reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse.•Polysubstance use and psychiatric distress increase risk of misuse.•Benzodiazepines are commonly co-ingested with other substances.•Coping with negative affect and sleep are the most common motives for misuse.•Misuse is associated with poor outcomes, including morbidity and mortality. Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this emergent problem. We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse to identify key findings, limitations, and future directions for research. PubMed and PsychINFO databases were searched through February 2019 for peer-reviewed publications on benzodiazepine misuse (e.g., use without a prescription; at a higher frequency or dose than prescribed). Eligibility criteria included human studies that focused on the prevalence, trends, correlates, motives, patterns, sources, and consequences of benzodiazepine misuse. The search identified 1970 publications, and 351 articles were eligible for data extraction and inclusion. In 2017, benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers were the third most commonly misused illicit or prescription drug in the U.S. (approximately 2.2% of the population). Worldwide rates of misuse appear to be similar to those reported in the U.S. Factors associated with misuse include other substance use, receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription, and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse encompasses heterogeneous presentations of motives, patterns, and sources. Moreover, misuse is associated with myriad poor outcomes, including mortality, HIV/HCV risk behaviors, poor self-reported quality of life, criminality, and continued substance use during treatment. Benzodiazepine misuse is a worldwide public health concern that is associated with a number of concerning consequences. Findings from the present review have implications for identifying subgroups who could benefit from prevention and treatment efforts, critical points for intervention, and treatment targets. |
| Author | Rieselbach, Maya M. Geyer, Rachel Votaw, Victoria R. McHugh, R. Kathryn |
| AuthorAffiliation | d Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, USA a Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM, USA b Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA c Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: c Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA – name: a Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM, USA – name: d Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, USA – name: b Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Victoria R. surname: Votaw fullname: Votaw, Victoria R. email: vvotaw@unm.edu organization: Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Rachel surname: Geyer fullname: Geyer, Rachel organization: Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Maya M. surname: Rieselbach fullname: Rieselbach, Maya M. organization: Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: R. Kathryn surname: McHugh fullname: McHugh, R. Kathryn organization: Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31121495$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | Sedatives Prescription drug misuse Nonmedical prescription drug use Tranquilizers Benzodiazepines |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Feature-3 ObjectType-Evidence Based Healthcare-1 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Undefined-3 Contributors Ms. Votaw and Dr. McHugh designed the methods and scope of this review. Ms. Votaw conducted the literature searches. Ms. Votaw, Ms. Geyer, and Ms. Rieselbach extracted data and provided summaries of the relevant studies. All authors contributed to the first draft of the manuscript and have approved of the final manuscript before submission. |
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| PublicationTitle | Drug and alcohol dependence |
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| Snippet | •We reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse.•Polysubstance use and psychiatric distress increase risk of misuse.•Benzodiazepines are commonly... Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years.... Background: Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in... |
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| SubjectTerms | Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines - adverse effects Benzodiazepines - therapeutic use Criminality Critical point Documents Drug Overdose - diagnosis Drug Overdose - epidemiology Drug Overdose - prevention & control Emergency medical care Emergency medical services Epidemiology Evidence-based medicine Extraction Health problems Hepatitis C HIV Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Medical treatment Nonmedical prescription drug use Overdose Prescription drug misuse Prescription Drug Misuse - psychology Prescription Drug Misuse - trends Prescription drugs Prescription Drugs - adverse effects Prevalence Psychiatric symptoms Public health Public Health - trends Quality of Life Risk behavior Risk taking Sedatives Signs and symptoms Subgroups Substance use Substance-Related Disorders - diagnosis Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology Substance-Related Disorders - therapy Systematic review Tranquilizers Tranquillizers |
| Title | The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review |
| URI | https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S0376871619301425 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.033 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31121495 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2256142568 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2231852024 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6639084 |
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