Calcium, zinc, and vitamin D in breast milk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc, and vitamin D content in breast milk. A systematic search of the online databases Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL was conducted in November 2022...
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Published in | International breastfeeding journal Vol. 18; no. 1; p. 27 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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England
BioMed Central Ltd
01.06.2023
BioMed Central BMC |
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Abstract | Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc, and vitamin D content in breast milk.
A systematic search of the online databases Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL was conducted in November 2022 and complemented by searches of the African Journals Online database and the LILACS database, and reference lists. Studies reporting the calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk of apparently healthy mothers and infants were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The effect of influencing factors were investigated with sub-group analyses and meta-regressions.
A total of 154 studies reporting on breast milk calcium were identified, with a mean calcium concentration in breast milk of 261 mg/L (95% CI: 238, 284). Calcium concentration was influenced by maternal health and decreased linearly over the duration of lactation. Calcium concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: calcium concentration [mg/L] = 282 - 0.2331 ✕ number of days since birth. A total of 242 studies reporting on breast milk zinc were identified, with a mean zinc concentration of 2.57 mg/L (95% CI: 2.50, 2.65). Zinc concentration was influenced by several factors, such as maternal age, gestational age, and maternal diet. Zinc concentration started high in the first weeks post-partum followed by a rapid decrease over the first months. Zinc concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: zinc concentration [mg/L] = 6 + 0.0005 ✕ days - 2.0266 ✕ log(days). A total of 43 studies reporting on breast milk vitamin D were identified, with a mean total antirachitic activity of breast milk of 58 IU/L (95% CI: 45, 70), which consisted mostly of 25OHD3, and smaller amounts of vitamin D3, 25OHD2 and vitamin D2. Vitamin D concentration showed wide variations between studies and was influenced by vitamin D supplementation, continent and season.
This review provides global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk, as well as indications on changes over time and depending on influencing factors. |
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AbstractList | BackgroundGlobal estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc, and vitamin D content in breast milk.MethodsA systematic search of the online databases Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL was conducted in November 2022 and complemented by searches of the African Journals Online database and the LILACS database, and reference lists. Studies reporting the calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk of apparently healthy mothers and infants were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The effect of influencing factors were investigated with sub-group analyses and meta-regressions.ResultsA total of 154 studies reporting on breast milk calcium were identified, with a mean calcium concentration in breast milk of 261 mg/L (95% CI: 238, 284). Calcium concentration was influenced by maternal health and decreased linearly over the duration of lactation. Calcium concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: calcium concentration [mg/L] = 282 – 0.2331 ✕ number of days since birth. A total of 242 studies reporting on breast milk zinc were identified, with a mean zinc concentration of 2.57 mg/L (95% CI: 2.50, 2.65). Zinc concentration was influenced by several factors, such as maternal age, gestational age, and maternal diet. Zinc concentration started high in the first weeks post-partum followed by a rapid decrease over the first months. Zinc concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: zinc concentration [mg/L] = 6 + 0.0005 ✕ days – 2.0266 ✕ log(days). A total of 43 studies reporting on breast milk vitamin D were identified, with a mean total antirachitic activity of breast milk of 58 IU/L (95% CI: 45, 70), which consisted mostly of 25OHD3, and smaller amounts of vitamin D3, 25OHD2 and vitamin D2. Vitamin D concentration showed wide variations between studies and was influenced by vitamin D supplementation, continent and season.ConclusionsThis review provides global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk, as well as indications on changes over time and depending on influencing factors. Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc, and vitamin D content in breast milk. A systematic search of the online databases Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL was conducted in November 2022 and complemented by searches of the African Journals Online database and the LILACS database, and reference lists. Studies reporting the calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk of apparently healthy mothers and infants were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The effect of influencing factors were investigated with sub-group analyses and meta-regressions. A total of 154 studies reporting on breast milk calcium were identified, with a mean calcium concentration in breast milk of 261 mg/L (95% CI: 238, 284). Calcium concentration was influenced by maternal health and decreased linearly over the duration of lactation. Calcium concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: calcium concentration [mg/L] = 282 - 0.2331 â number of days since birth. A total of 242 studies reporting on breast milk zinc were identified, with a mean zinc concentration of 2.57 mg/L (95% CI: 2.50, 2.65). Zinc concentration was influenced by several factors, such as maternal age, gestational age, and maternal diet. Zinc concentration started high in the first weeks post-partum followed by a rapid decrease over the first months. Zinc concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: zinc concentration [mg/L] = 6 + 0.0005 â days - 2.0266 â log(days). A total of 43 studies reporting on breast milk vitamin D were identified, with a mean total antirachitic activity of breast milk of 58 IU/L (95% CI: 45, 70), which consisted mostly of 25OHD3, and smaller amounts of vitamin D3, 25OHD2 and vitamin D2. Vitamin D concentration showed wide variations between studies and was influenced by vitamin D supplementation, continent and season. This review provides global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk, as well as indications on changes over time and depending on influencing factors. Abstract Background Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc, and vitamin D content in breast milk. Methods A systematic search of the online databases Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL was conducted in November 2022 and complemented by searches of the African Journals Online database and the LILACS database, and reference lists. Studies reporting the calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk of apparently healthy mothers and infants were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The effect of influencing factors were investigated with sub-group analyses and meta-regressions. Results A total of 154 studies reporting on breast milk calcium were identified, with a mean calcium concentration in breast milk of 261 mg/L (95% CI: 238, 284). Calcium concentration was influenced by maternal health and decreased linearly over the duration of lactation. Calcium concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: calcium concentration [mg/L] = 282 – 0.2331 ✕ number of days since birth. A total of 242 studies reporting on breast milk zinc were identified, with a mean zinc concentration of 2.57 mg/L (95% CI: 2.50, 2.65). Zinc concentration was influenced by several factors, such as maternal age, gestational age, and maternal diet. Zinc concentration started high in the first weeks post-partum followed by a rapid decrease over the first months. Zinc concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: zinc concentration [mg/L] = 6 + 0.0005 ✕ days – 2.0266 ✕ log(days). A total of 43 studies reporting on breast milk vitamin D were identified, with a mean total antirachitic activity of breast milk of 58 IU/L (95% CI: 45, 70), which consisted mostly of 25OHD3, and smaller amounts of vitamin D3, 25OHD2 and vitamin D2. Vitamin D concentration showed wide variations between studies and was influenced by vitamin D supplementation, continent and season. Conclusions This review provides global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk, as well as indications on changes over time and depending on influencing factors. Abstract Background Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc, and vitamin D content in breast milk. Methods A systematic search of the online databases Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL was conducted in November 2022 and complemented by searches of the African Journals Online database and the LILACS database, and reference lists. Studies reporting the calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk of apparently healthy mothers and infants were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The effect of influencing factors were investigated with sub-group analyses and meta-regressions. Results A total of 154 studies reporting on breast milk calcium were identified, with a mean calcium concentration in breast milk of 261 mg/L (95% CI: 238, 284). Calcium concentration was influenced by maternal health and decreased linearly over the duration of lactation. Calcium concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: calcium concentration [mg/L] = 282 – 0.2331 ✕ number of days since birth. A total of 242 studies reporting on breast milk zinc were identified, with a mean zinc concentration of 2.57 mg/L (95% CI: 2.50, 2.65). Zinc concentration was influenced by several factors, such as maternal age, gestational age, and maternal diet. Zinc concentration started high in the first weeks post-partum followed by a rapid decrease over the first months. Zinc concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: zinc concentration [mg/L] = 6 + 0.0005 ✕ days – 2.0266 ✕ log(days). A total of 43 studies reporting on breast milk vitamin D were identified, with a mean total antirachitic activity of breast milk of 58 IU/L (95% CI: 45, 70), which consisted mostly of 25OHD3, and smaller amounts of vitamin D3, 25OHD2 and vitamin D2. Vitamin D concentration showed wide variations between studies and was influenced by vitamin D supplementation, continent and season. Conclusions This review provides global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk, as well as indications on changes over time and depending on influencing factors. Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc, and vitamin D content in breast milk. A systematic search of the online databases Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL was conducted in November 2022 and complemented by searches of the African Journals Online database and the LILACS database, and reference lists. Studies reporting the calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk of apparently healthy mothers and infants were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The effect of influencing factors were investigated with sub-group analyses and meta-regressions. A total of 154 studies reporting on breast milk calcium were identified, with a mean calcium concentration in breast milk of 261 mg/L (95% CI: 238, 284). Calcium concentration was influenced by maternal health and decreased linearly over the duration of lactation. Calcium concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: calcium concentration [mg/L] = 282 - 0.2331 ✕ number of days since birth. A total of 242 studies reporting on breast milk zinc were identified, with a mean zinc concentration of 2.57 mg/L (95% CI: 2.50, 2.65). Zinc concentration was influenced by several factors, such as maternal age, gestational age, and maternal diet. Zinc concentration started high in the first weeks post-partum followed by a rapid decrease over the first months. Zinc concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: zinc concentration [mg/L] = 6 + 0.0005 ✕ days - 2.0266 ✕ log(days). A total of 43 studies reporting on breast milk vitamin D were identified, with a mean total antirachitic activity of breast milk of 58 IU/L (95% CI: 45, 70), which consisted mostly of 25OHD3, and smaller amounts of vitamin D3, 25OHD2 and vitamin D2. Vitamin D concentration showed wide variations between studies and was influenced by vitamin D supplementation, continent and season. This review provides global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk, as well as indications on changes over time and depending on influencing factors. Background Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc, and vitamin D content in breast milk. Methods A systematic search of the online databases Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL was conducted in November 2022 and complemented by searches of the African Journals Online database and the LILACS database, and reference lists. Studies reporting the calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk of apparently healthy mothers and infants were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The effect of influencing factors were investigated with sub-group analyses and meta-regressions. Results A total of 154 studies reporting on breast milk calcium were identified, with a mean calcium concentration in breast milk of 261 mg/L (95% CI: 238, 284). Calcium concentration was influenced by maternal health and decreased linearly over the duration of lactation. Calcium concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: calcium concentration [mg/L] = 282 - 0.2331 â number of days since birth. A total of 242 studies reporting on breast milk zinc were identified, with a mean zinc concentration of 2.57 mg/L (95% CI: 2.50, 2.65). Zinc concentration was influenced by several factors, such as maternal age, gestational age, and maternal diet. Zinc concentration started high in the first weeks post-partum followed by a rapid decrease over the first months. Zinc concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: zinc concentration [mg/L] = 6 + 0.0005 â days - 2.0266 â log(days). A total of 43 studies reporting on breast milk vitamin D were identified, with a mean total antirachitic activity of breast milk of 58 IU/L (95% CI: 45, 70), which consisted mostly of 25OHD3, and smaller amounts of vitamin D3, 25OHD2 and vitamin D2. Vitamin D concentration showed wide variations between studies and was influenced by vitamin D supplementation, continent and season. Conclusions This review provides global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk, as well as indications on changes over time and depending on influencing factors. Keywords: Breast milk, Calcium, Zinc, Vitamin D, 25OHD, Systematic review, Meta-analysis |
ArticleNumber | 27 |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Rios-Leyvraz, Magali Yao, Qisi |
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Keywords | 25OHD Calcium Vitamin D Systematic review Zinc Breast milk Meta-analysis |
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References_xml | – volume-title: Minor and trace elements in breast milk: report of a joint WHO/IAEA collaborative study year: 1989 ident: 564_CR6 contributor: fullname: World Health Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, editors – volume: 12 start-page: 1794 year: 2020 ident: 564_CR25 publication-title: Nutrients doi: 10.3390/nu12061794 contributor: fullname: MTT Nguyen – volume: 11 start-page: 1632 year: 2019 ident: 564_CR26 publication-title: Nutrients doi: 10.3390/nu11071632 contributor: fullname: A Dawodu – volume: 5 start-page: 25 year: 2009 ident: 564_CR32 publication-title: Matern Child Nutr doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2008.00145.x contributor: fullname: HF Saadi – volume: 30 start-page: 144 year: 2009 ident: 564_CR52 publication-title: Food Nutr Bull doi: 10.1177/15648265090301S108 contributor: fullname: KH Brown – ident: 564_CR60 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4547 – volume: 412 start-page: 365 year: 2020 ident: 564_CR28 publication-title: Anal Bioanal Chem doi: 10.1007/s00216-019-02248-5 contributor: fullname: JM Oberson – ident: 564_CR8 – volume: 105 start-page: 431 year: 1984 ident: 564_CR38 publication-title: J Pediatr doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80021-9 contributor: fullname: FR Greer – volume: 9 start-page: 313S year: 2018 ident: 564_CR19 publication-title: Adv Nutr doi: 10.1093/advances/nmy017 contributor: fullname: D Hampel – volume: 103 start-page: 107 year: 2016 ident: 564_CR36 publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.115105 contributor: fullname: S við Streym – volume: 27 start-page: 491 year: 2018 ident: 564_CR45 publication-title: Asia Pac J Clin Nutr contributor: fullname: T Yang – volume: 13 start-page: 1529 year: 2022 ident: 564_CR3 publication-title: Adv Nutr doi: 10.1093/advances/nmac003 contributor: fullname: SP Shertukde – volume: 9 start-page: 278S year: 2018 ident: 564_CR49 publication-title: Adv Nutr doi: 10.1093/advances/nmy022 contributor: fullname: DK Dror – ident: 564_CR10 – volume: 62 start-page: 58 year: 1995 ident: 564_CR16 publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.1093/ajcn/62.1.58 contributor: fullname: A Prentice – ident: 564_CR14 – volume-title: Introduction to meta-analysis year: 2009 ident: 564_CR13 doi: 10.1002/9780470743386 contributor: fullname: M Borenstein – ident: 564_CR27 doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.09.012 – volume: 80 start-page: 1752S year: 2004 ident: 564_CR41 publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1752S contributor: fullname: BW Hollis – volume: 54 start-page: 2278 year: 2022 ident: 564_CR4 publication-title: Ann Med doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2111602 contributor: fullname: AR Beauchesne – volume: 121 start-page: 426 year: 2019 ident: 564_CR35 publication-title: Br J Nutr doi: 10.1017/S0007114518003598 contributor: fullname: E Stoutjesdijk – volume: 100 start-page: 165 issue: Suppl 1 year: 2017 ident: 564_CR42 publication-title: J Med Assoc Thai contributor: fullname: S Niramitmahapanya – volume: 1 start-page: 59 year: 2006 ident: 564_CR43 publication-title: Breastfeed Med doi: 10.1089/bfm.2006.1.59 contributor: fullname: CL Wagner – ident: 564_CR59 – volume: 48 start-page: 1057 year: 1988 ident: 564_CR40 publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.1093/ajcn/48.4.1057 contributor: fullname: M Ala-Houhala – volume: 23 start-page: 1153 year: 2020 ident: 564_CR55 publication-title: Public Health Nutr doi: 10.1017/S1368980019005251 contributor: fullname: C Sempos – volume-title: Institute of Medicine (U. S.), editors. 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Snippet | Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc,... Abstract Background Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine... Background Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the... BackgroundGlobal estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the... BACKGROUNDGlobal estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the... Abstract Background Global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine... |
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SubjectTerms | 25OHD Age Alfacalcidol Analysis Breast milk Breastfeeding & lactation Calcifediol Calcium Dietary supplements Gestational age Intervention Lactation Meta-analysis Nutrients Nutritional status Online data bases Online databases Review Reviews Systematic review Vitamin D Vitamin D2 Vitamin D3 Zinc |
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Title | Calcium, zinc, and vitamin D in breast milk: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
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